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11.
A polyester (PE) based on the glycolyzed products of PET was prepared and added in different concentrations to a series of SBR/PVC blends. The addition of the polyester showed that all properties of SBR/PVC blends were improved by incorporation of PE. Highest mechanical strength values were obtained at a polyester concentration of 7.5 phr. Thermal analysis as well as dynamic mechanical properties of SBR/PVC blends after the addition of 7.5 and 10 phr polyester indicated one single glass transition temperature. The dielectric losses (?") were analyzed in the frequency domains in the two terms of Fröhlich related to the Maxwell Wagner effect and the orientation of the aggregates caused by the movement of the main chain. The permittivity (?') values were found to increase by increasing the polyester content. This increase was followed by a decrease in the ?" up to a 7.5 phr polyester content after which no pronounced change was noticed. 相似文献
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In order to develop an energy-saving copper recycling process from wastes, electrochemical measurements were conducted in ammoniacal alkaline solutions containing Cu(I) ions and an ammonium salt of sulfate, chloride or nitrate. The results of each system were then compared. The polarization measurements suggested that the voltage required for the electrode process is lower in the chloride and nitrate systems than that in the sulfate system. The cathode current efficiency during the copper electrodeposition varied from 39 to 97% and increased with current density in the chloride and sulfate systems. In the nitrate system, the lowest cathode current efficiency of 30% was observed because of nitrate ion reduction. Based on these results, the power consumption required for the electrowinning stage of the copper recycling process was calculated. Among these three systems, the chloride system showed the lowest power consumption of 500 kWh t−1 at the current density of 200 A m−2, which is about 25% of the conventional copper electrowinning process from a copper sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Fehn Felix Kugler Beatrice Tübke Rainer Schweppe Phillip Mebert Wolfgang Krcmar Ulrich Teipel 《化学,工程师,技术》2021,93(5):771-780
Due to the growing energy requirements, the proportion of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) installed has increased significantly during the past 50 years. Due to the longevity of these systems, ETICS waste is currently accumulating. Owing to the complex construction as well as a multitude of differently installed materials and substances of the past generations, there are many uncertainties and problems with the clean and low-pollutant processing of such systems. In the frame of this work, the ETICS were processed and sorted before being screened for ingredients or pollutants as well as for the purity of the recovered material fractions. 相似文献
15.
Mario Schmidt 《化学,工程师,技术》2021,93(11):1707-1716
The extraction of raw materials is associated with energy input and CO2 emissions. What is obvious for extraction from mining, however, also applies to recycling. Mostly, recycling is preferred for reasons of climate protection or because of the geological scarcity of raw materials, which is controversially discussed. While in mining, the declining ore grade is a driver for the energy demand, in case of recycling it is the dissipation of materials into products or waste. As concentration decreases, the effort required also increases disproportionately. The “closing the loop” metaphor of Circular Economy is therefore inappropriate in its stricter meaning. It is rather about optimizing the overall system and finding the optimal recycling rate. However, first, it must be clarified what the political goals for Circular Economy are. 相似文献
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This paper studies coordinated scheduling of production and logistics for a large-scale closed-loop manufacturing system by integrating its manufacturing and recycling process. In addition to the forward manufacturing process, different recycling units in reverse recycling process are also studied. A decentralized network is designed to formulate the coordinated scheduling problem as a mixed integer programming model with both binary and integer variables. As the problem for closed-loop manufacturing is large-scale and computational-consuming in nature, the model is divided into integer variable sub-models and complex binary variable sub-models for preprocessing and reprocessing respectively. An iterative solution approach by Benders decomposition is developed to accelerate the solving efficiency in large-scale case by updating custom constraints. A case study is conducted to investigate the managerial implications of the decentralized network for the closed-loop manufacturing system. Computational experiments demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed iterative solution approach for the large-scale scenarios. 相似文献
18.
In the present investigation, Mg chips are recycled to produce nanostructured Mg–5wt%Al reinforced with 1, 2 and 5 wt% nanosized AlN particulates by mechanical milling (MM). Each batch of composite mixture was milled for different milling durations to produce different degrees of grain refinement. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility and hardness with respect to the effect of grain refinement, in other words, milling duration were studied. It was found that grain size played an important role in controlling ductility of the composites. 相似文献
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An integrated multi-unit chemical plant presents a challenging control design problem due to the existence of recycling streams. In this paper, we develop a framework for analyzing the effects of recycling dynamics on closed-loop performance from which a systematic design of a decentralized control system for a recycled, multi-unit plant is established. In the proposed approach, the recycled streams are treated as unmodelled dynamics of the “unit” model so that their effects on closed-loop stability and performance can be analyzed using the robust control theory. As a result, two measures are produced: (1) the ν-gap metric, which quantifies the strength of recycling effects, and (2) the maximum stability margin of “unit” controller, which represents the ability of the “unit” controller to compensate for such effects. A simple rule for the “unit” control design is then established using the combined two measures in order to guarantee the attainment of good overall closed-loop performances. As illustrated by several design examples, the controllability of a recycled, multi unit process under a decentralized “unit” controller can be determined without requiring any detailed design of the “unit” controller because the simple rule is calculated from the open-loop information only. 相似文献