Microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions between Ti and ZrO2/CaTiO3 composites

Various proportions of ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ powders were mixed and hot pressed at 1500°C/30 min for Ti casting. The hot-pressed ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ composites were reacted with pure Ti at 1700°C/10 min in Ar. The interfacial reaction between Ti and ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ composites was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ composites with less than 10 vol.%, CaTiO₃, and a minor amount of residual TiO₂ were found. When the content of ZrO₂ was increased to larger than 10 vol.%, two Ca₂Zr₅Ti₂O₁₆ and CaZrTi₂O₇ phases appeared in the composites. The amount of CaTiO₃ and CaZrTi₂O₇ in the composites gradually decreased as the amount of ZrO₂ increased. When Ti came in contact with ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ composites with less than 10 vol.% ZrO₂, the resulting eutectic reaction produced a liquid phase and induced melting. When ZrO₂ was increased to more than 30 vol.% in the composites, Ca₂Zr₅Ti₂O₁₆ and CaZrTi₂O₇ changed completely to CaZrO₃, Ti₂O, CaO, and ZrO₂. With more than 30 vol.% ZrO₂, no other reaction phases occurred in the Ti side after contact with the ZrO₂/CaTiO₃ composites, which is conducive for producing ceramic composites for Ti casting applications.     

硫磺流化法还原钛白石膏工艺模拟研究

利用硫磺、碳等还原硫酸法钛白粉生产副产物钛白石膏是处理钛白石膏堆放问题的方法之一。针对硫磺在回转窑分解钛白石膏制硫酸和氧化钙的过程存在时间长、硫磺用量大、硫化钙产量不高等问题,提出了以钛白石膏为原料利用酸浸法去除铁杂质后,利用硫磺为还原剂将石膏在气固竖式反应器中煅烧生成硫化钙和二氧化硫,前者再与硫酸钙煅烧制得氧化钙和二氧化硫,得到的氧化钙可以中和废酸和废水,产生的二氧化硫用来制硫酸的方法。先利用反应热力学计算软件HSC分析确定实验方案,分别在流态化实验（800 ℃,保温40 min）和煅烧实验（1 100℃,保温1.5 h）后得到硫化钙转化率与氧化钙纯度均达到90%左右。再利用Aspen软件模拟了工艺流程,模拟出二氧化硫体积分数可达12.09%,满足制硫酸的需求。硫酸生产成本估算为263.9元/t,具有较大的市场前景。     

Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relationship for TC 16 titanium alloy

The true stress--strain curves of TC16 alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated under uniaxial quasi-static tension and uniaxial dynamic compression with the lnstron 8032 test machine and the split Hopkinson bar respectively. The results indicate that the true stress increases with increasing strain rate, while decreases with increasing temperature. Under the 105 s^-1 high strain rate and temperature higher than 673 K, the true stress would even be less than that under quasi-static condition. A new method incorporating TCl6＇s stress strain curve developing item was proposed to determine the coefficients in J-C model easily and to avoid the estimation of the adiabatic temperature rising. The Johnson-Cook dynamic constitutive relationship for TC16 was obtained for the first time. Good agreement was obtained between the model prediction and the experimental stress--strain curves for TC16 under both quasi-static and dynamic loadings.     

The effect of α phase on the deformation mechanisms of β titanium alloys

The effects of α and β phase interactions on the tensile and creep deformation behavior of β titanium alloys was studied using Ti-6.0wt.% Mn and Ti-8.1wt.%V as the model two-phase alloys, and Ti-13.0wt.%Mn and Ti-14.8wt.%V as the single-phase β alloys. The β phase of α-βTi-8.1V deforms by stress-induced hexagonal martensite (α′), while slip and twinning occurs in the single-phase β alloy with the same chemistry as the β phase. No stress-induced martensite was observed in the β or α-βTi-Mn alloys. This behavior is modeled in terms of a number of factors, including elastic interaction stresses between the α and β phases, coherency between the α phase and hexagonal martensite, and β phase stability. This paper was presented at the Beta Titanium Alloys of the 00’s Symposium sponsored by the Titanium Committee of TMS, held during the 2005 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 13–16, 2005 in San Francisco, CA.     

关于钛合金热处理和析出相的讨论

通过对钛合金、铝合金和钢的热处理对比分析，从机理上将金属热处理分为三类热处理，将钛合金的热处理归为第三类热处理。对钛合金在热处理过程中出现的主要过渡相进行了介绍，重点分析了α′相、α″相的关系和淬火时效β相，指出α′相和α″相的性质受结构和固溶度的综合影响，β相可更细致地分为β0、β、β′和β″。最后对钛合金中出现的所有相的硬度进行了排序，排序结果为：ω〉α′≈β″〉α″≈α〉β〉β′〉β0。     

RH加钛时机和纯循环时间对IF钢洁净度影响

为进一步提升RH精炼的冶炼效率,更好与高拉速连铸相匹配,对RH冶炼IF钢过程中加Ti时机和纯循环时间对夹杂物的影响开展了试验研究。结果表明,钢液中T.O质量分数在加Al 5 min后小于0.003 0%;夹杂物的数密度在合金化4~5 min后具有最小值,随后增加纯循环时间,夹杂物的数密度无明显变化。在300 t RH工业生产实践中,Al-Ti间隔时间为2 min、纯循环时间为5 min和Al-Ti间隔3 min、纯循环4 min的处理工艺可以保证钢液中的夹杂物充分上浮去除,夹杂物的数密度为0.7~0.8个/mm2,可以实现RH的高效化精炼。在Al-Ti间隔时间大于1 min、纯循环时间大于3 min的操作条件下钢液中未检测到尺寸大于50 μm的夹杂物。基于以上工艺优化,IF钢的RH真空处理时间已经降低至20 min。向钢液中加入Al后主要形成Al₂O₃夹杂物,加入钛铁合金化后钢液中会形成富[Ti]区域,[Ti]将Al₂O₃还原而生成Al-Ti氧化物。随着[Ti]在钢液内的扩散以及Al-Ti氧化物的生成,钢液中的[Al]将Al-Ti氧化物还原而生成Al₂O₃,最终生成以Al-Ti氧化物为核心、外层由Al₂O₃包裹的复合夹杂物。     

钛及钛合金抑菌技术的研究进展

钛作为食品接触材料不具备抑菌功能,使用过程中易滋生细菌对人体健康不利。文章主要介绍了钛及钛合金抑菌处理常用方法及最新的研究进展,包括合金化处理,离子注入、热喷涂、微弧氧化等表面处理方式。对抑菌钛合金的研究方向及其在日用餐具、炊具、水具等行业的应用前景作了展望。     

氢处理技术在钛合金中的应用

氢处理工艺是钛合金的一种特有的热处理方式，用于改善铸造、锻造钛合金件以及粉末冶金件的组织和性能。本文综述了氢处理在钛合金中的一些应用，主要介绍了国外的研究动向。     

热处理对Ti-Al-Sn-Zr-Mo-Si-X系合金性能的影响

研究了热处理对3种Ti-Al-Sn-zr-Mo-Si-X（X为ⅤB，ⅥB族一种或几种元素）系合金（A、B、C）室温拉伸性能的影响，对优化合金的热处理制度及优选热处理制度下3种合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为也进行了探讨。结果表明，优选热处理制度下A、C合金的裂纹扩展速率差别不大，B合金560℃时效处理后，裂纹扩展速率比540℃时效处理的小。在相同热处理制度下，比较3种合金裂纹扩展速率的结果表明，IgΔK在1．2～1．5范围内B合金的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能较优。     

TC4合金的磨损率及磨损表面层的显微组织变化

在空气和真空(10^-5Pa)条件下对TC4合金进行了系统的磨损性能测试，研究了载荷和滑动速度对TC4合金磨损率的影响。对TC4合金磨损后的表面层进行了显微组织分析。试验结果表明，空气磨损后表面层的显微组织在较低滑动速度下呈现位错的滑移带，在较高滑动速度下出现显微裂纹。真空磨损后表面层的显微组织发生细化并具有50nm～100nm尺寸，显微组织中呈现大量的位错，在较高滑动速度下有孪晶出现。