Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.     

Measurement and assessment of water resources carrying capacity in Henan Province,China

As demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about water resources carrying capacity(WRCC), which is defined as the maximum sustainable socioeconomic scale that can be supported by available water resources and while maintaining defined environmental conditions. This paper proposes a distributed quantitative model for WRCC, based on the principles of optimization, and considering hydro-economic interaction, water supply, water quality, and socioeconomic development constraints. With the model, the WRCCs of 60 subregions in Henan Province were determined for different development periods. The results showed that the water resources carrying level of Henan Province was suitably loaded in 2010, but that the province would be mildly overloaded in 2030 with respect to the socioeconomic development planning goals. The restricting factors for WRCC included the available water resources, the increasing rate of GDP, the urbanization ratio, the irrigation water utilization coefficient, the industrial water recycling rate, and the wastewater reuse rate, of which the available water resources was the most crucial factor. Because these factors varied temporally and spatially, the trends in predicted WRCC were inconsistent across different subregions and periods.     

Single display gamut size metric

To measure the relative gamut sizes of wide‐gamut displays, it is herein proposed that the CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram be used rather than the nominally perceptually uniform CIE 1976 u′v′ chromaticity diagram. High correlations were found between the area‐coverage ratios in the xy diagram and the volume‐coverage ratios in the CIE 1976 L^*a^*b^* color space for major standard wide‐gamut color spaces. It is also demonstrated herein that performing planimetry in the uniform u′v′ diagram does not yield accurate relative display gamut sizes, even though the large sizes obtained using the u′v′ diagram are often reported regardless of the fact that its uniformity is valid only when the luminance factor is constant. The single display gamut size metric using the xy diagram will facilitate the unbiased development of wide‐gamut displays.     

Analysis of standard chromaticity gamut area metrics

It is herein proposed to measure display gamut sizes by employing the International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector Recommendation BT.2020 (Rec. 2020) area‐coverage ratios in the xy chromaticity diagram rather than the standard gamut area metrics that use the horseshoe‐shaped spectrum chromaticity area as the target in the u′v′ chromaticity diagram. It is more reasonable to use the Rec. 2020 gamut than the spectrum gamut as the target because the Rec. 2020 area‐coverage ratios in the xy diagram are better correlated than the spectrum area‐coverage ratios with the volume‐coverage ratios of object color gamuts that are visually significant in displaying natural scenes.     

贵州岩溶塌陷分布及其影响因素分析

贵州省处于东亚岩溶区中心,具有岩溶最复杂、类型最齐全、分布面积最大的特点,岩溶塌陷是贵州的主要地质灾害之一。以贵州省2011~2013年重点地区重大地质灾害统计资料以及岩溶分布规律为依据,从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、地下水动态变化等方面对岩溶塌陷的影响因素进行了分析,认为岩溶塌陷与上述因素密切相关。其结论对于防灾、减灾、避灾具有借鉴作用。     

1990—2013年湖南四水入洞庭湖汛期径流量的变化规律

根据湖南四水(湘江、资水、沅江、澧水)主要代表水文站1990—2013年汛期月径流量实测数据,应用滑动平均法、小波分析法和Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验法、分配不均匀系数和变化幅度等方法和指标,分析四水流域汛期径流量的年际和年内变化规律,对汛期内分配指标与湖南省水旱灾害状况进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明:1湖南四水入洞庭湖汛期径流量年际分配极不均匀,入湖汛期径流量呈现逐渐减少的趋势。2湘潭站和桃江站的第一主周期均为6 a,桃源站和石门站的第一主周期均为4 a。3桃江站和桃源站分别于2003年和2004年发生了突变,湘潭站和石门站均未发生过突变。4四水入湖径流量在汛期内各月之间分配极不均匀,但随时间的推移,逐渐趋向均匀;汛期内各月径流量呈现波动递减的趋势;4站各项分配指标值总体上呈现下降的趋势。5四水入湖径流量汛期内分配特征指标与流域水旱灾害的灰色关联度极高,并在一定程度上反应流域汛期水旱灾害情况。     

云南省区域和行业用水效率考核体系构建研究

从国家实施最严格水资源管理制度的背景出发,云南省目前正在开展的区域和行业用水效率考核体系构建研究,结合大量的基础资料调查、实地调研、研究论证等工作,严格按照可执行、可操作的原则,遵从定性和定量考核方法,提出了云南省区域、工业、农业、居民生活4个方面的用水效率考核及其指标体系.     

吉林省西部水环境改善探讨

吉林省西部水环境恶化,干旱日趋严重,土地荒漠化、盐渍化进程加快,牧草退化,湿地萎缩,生物物种减少,使得农业生产的不稳定性加剧。通过对该地区水环境现状的研究,提出了相应的改善措施,即利用流经吉林省西部地区境内的嫩江、洮儿河和霍林河的天然过境水和洪水,以及三大灌区的回归水,充盈星罗棋布的泡塘,扩大水面面积和湿地面积,从根本上解决吉林省西部地区水环境恶化的问题。     

青海省公路桥涵水文分区方法与指标研究

介绍了青海省公路桥涵水文分区的现状,通过分析河流的水情变化,论证了修正现行水文分区的必要性,并结合青海省河流的特殊性,对比了省内外一些典型的水文区划方法及水文因子。结果表明:①应根据流域水系、内外流区、沙漠面积等定性指标,以原水文分区为一级区划,在其基础上进行修正并确定二级分区;②利用河川径流强度指标法进行分区划分时,分区指标为年平均降水量、岩土类型、河网密度和沟谷比重;③利用模糊聚类法进行分区划分时,分区指标为年平均径流深、年平均降水量、气候带、河流补给形式及单位面积上50 a一遇设计流量,但只有黄河上游区、湟水大通河区可使用该方法;④青海省内沙漠面积较大,在分区时可将其划分为非产流区。     

黄河调水调沙以来山东引黄能力分析

通过对黄河调水调沙以来山东段河道来水及引水条件的分析,认为影响山东省引黄闸引水的主要因素是黄河用水需求量的增大、河道来水量的减少和渠道的淤积,河道刷深也对部分引黄闸引水有影响。提出保障引黄灌溉与供水的对策:在工程措施上,应及时清除闸前和闸后渠道淤积泥沙、稳定河势、建设提水泵站、加快灌区节水改造和平原水库建设;在管理措施上,应加大山东段黄河引水期的下泄流量,实施水量科学调度、优化配置,加强对灌区尾水和其他水资源的利用等;在政策措施上,应出台有关平原水库建设的政策、加强水资源保护与法制建设、理顺灌区管理体制等。