Physical and electromagnetic shielding properties of green carbon foam prepared from biomaterials

100% green carbon foam from the fibrous fruits of Platanus Orientalis-L (Plane) along with the tar oil as binder has been prepared using a powder molding technique. The objective was to develop a porous monolithic carbon from biomaterials with a considerable strength necessary for various physical, thermal and electromagnetic shielding applications. Fast carbonization was carried out at 1000 °C under the cover of Plane tree pyrolyzed seeds without using any external protective gas. For comparative analysis, some samples were mixed with 5% (mass fraction) iron chloride during the molding process. Iron chloride being a graphitization catalyst and activating agent helped in increasing the specific surface area from 88 to 294 m²/g with a 25% decrease in flexural strength. Thermal stability was improved due to the incorporation of more graphitic phases in the sample resulting in a little higher thermal conductivity from 0.22 to 0.67 W/(m·K). The catalytic carbon foam exhibited shielding effectiveness of more than 20 dB over the X-band frequency. Absorption was dominant with only 8.26%–10.33% reflectance, indicating an absorption dominant shielding mechanism. The new material is quite suitable for high temperature thermal insulation being lightweight, highly porous with interconnected porous morphology most of which is preserved from the original biomaterial.     

农业秸秆类生物质制取生物燃料的研究进展

为了缓解全球能源危机和解决环境污染问题,将农业秸秆类生物质,通过微生物发酵将它们转化为能源及高附加值的化学品,具有重要意义。介绍农业秸秆类生物质的结构成分;综合评述物理和化学预处理方法;重点介绍由农业秸秆类生物质生产乙醇、丁醇的研究现状。指出农业秸秆发酵制取生物燃料工业化进程的关键所在。     

非粮乙醇的生产及应用研究

全球经济快速发展,能源危机日益严峻,非粮乙醇燃料成为全球关注焦点。综述了国内能源现状,分别介绍了煤基乙醇和生物质乙醇的生产工艺及最新进展,并进行分析对比。提出了燃料乙醇在实际应用中面临的困难和问题,并给出意见和建议。     

A comprehensive ligninolytic pre-treatment approach from lignocellulose green biotechnology to produce bio-ethanol

In the present study, we developed a novel ligninolytic enzymes based pre-treatment method for lignocellulosic wheat straw to depolymerize lignin and expose the cellulose polymers to produce bio-ethanol. Wheat straw was pre-treated with ligninolytic enzymes extract produced from Ganoderma lucidum under optimum solid state fermentation conditions. The pre-treated biomass was further subjected to the enzymatic hydrolysis by the crude unprocessed cellulases (β-1,4 endoglucanase, 53.5 ± 1.24 U/mL; β-1,4 exoglucanase, 41.3 ± 1.31 U/mL; β-1,4 glucosidase, 46.8 ± 1.43 U/mL; and xylanase 39 ± 2.2 U/mL) produced by Trichoderma harzaianum. Under optimal conditions for enzymatic saccharification, 10% (w/v) of pre-treated biomass was hydrolyzed completely and converted to 72.5 and 2.4 g/L of glucose and xylose, respectively. Initial time screening Sequential Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of the concentrated enzymatic hydrolyzate (10%, w/v) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced 22.6 g/L ethanol in a fermented medium after 72 h of temperature controlled incubation at 37 °C. For maximum ethanol production, different physical and nutritional parameters like pH, temperature, substrate level and inoculum sizes were optimized. Under optimal conditions ethanol production of 33.5 g/L was obtained from ligninolytic treated residual (wheat straw) biomass.     

马来酸酐改性油酸基聚酯多元醇的合成

以油酸为原料,经羟基化、酸酐改性、酯化合成油酸基聚酯多元醇,考察了摩尔比、常压反应温度时间、减压反应温度时间、催化剂用量等因素对酯化反应的影响,研究了不同组合酯化试剂对多元醇性能的影响。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、高效凝胶色谱(GPC)、热重(TGA)对多元醇的结构、相对分子质量、热稳定性进行了表征。结果表明,最佳酯化条件为醇酸比n(二甘醇)∶n(羟基油酸)=1.1∶1,催化剂Zn O量为0.8%,常压、210℃下反应90min,再在180℃下减压反应120min。     

微波热解技术研究进展

综述了国内外关于微波热解技术应用的研究进展,探讨了生物质、污泥、矿物燃料等通过微波加热制取高附加值化学品的方法及其机理,并且微波热解存在非热效应,是一条值得探索的资源有效利用的高效热解方法.     

生物质气再燃脱除燃煤流化床N_2O的研究进展

N2O是一种温室效应很强的氮氧化物气体,对臭氧层能产生较大的破坏作用。介绍了温室气体N2O的排放和危害、生物质再燃脱除N2O技术的研究现状,分析了再燃温度、再燃比、过量空气系数、停留时间等因素的变化对N2O还原分解的影响,并讨论了目前N2O减排的主要方法,其中利用生物质气化气催化还原是今后N2O减排的主要发展方向。     

生物质再燃脱硝特性的实验研究

沉降炉实验结果表明,生物质再燃可以获得70%左右的脱硝效率。在1373 K温度范围内,随着温度的升高,棉秆、麦秆、梧桐木和松木的再燃脱硝效率均有提高。为保证较高的脱硝效率,再燃区过量空气系数、再燃比以及停留时间应分别为0.6～0.8、20%和0.7 s左右。同时,燃料粒径对脱硝效率影响不明显。而随着NO初始浓度的增加,脱硝效率得到相应的提高。     

生物质热解气在高温煤焦层中裂解特性研究

在小型两段式固定床反应器中,对生物质热解气在高温煤焦层中的裂解反应特性进行了研究,重点考察了两段式热解中裂解温度、停留时间及煤焦特性对焦油裂解率、气体产率及成分的影响.结果表明,增加气体停留时间及裂解温度,都有利于促进生物质气中焦油裂解和气体产率提高.裂解温度对气体产率、组分及焦油裂解率影响更明显,高温促进H2和CO的生成,1000℃时H2和CO的含量达到94.51%.当生物质热解气在煤焦中停留时间达到1.41s后,气体中各组分变化趋于缓慢;不同热解条件所制得的煤焦对生物质气中焦油裂解效果不同,较低制焦温度和较短热解时间都有利于增加煤焦的反应活性,促进焦油分解为可燃气体.