嵩口古镇小气候与游览路径空间特征之 关系研究

中国传统古镇特有的空间布局及构成与其局部环境小气候有着直接的关联。为探究古镇环境小气候与空间特征之关系,以嵩口为例,选取包含嵩口的滨水景观、宗祠庭院、古镇街巷、古厝民居等代表性景观的2条主要游览路径,对路径上不同空间特征景观节点的空气温度、相对湿度、风速等小气候要素进行数据测量与搜集,计算其人体舒适度指数,并进行对比、分析,以此探索古镇环境小气候影响的环境物理规律。结果表明:环镇大樟溪对局部环境具有明显降温、增湿作用,溪步道通风情况优于坡面及人工驳岸;建筑遮阴、街巷尺度、朝向、植被与材质运用是影响街巷小气候的空间要素;而空间开敞程度和植被造成的太阳辐射差异对庭院及小广场的小气候环境影响较大。     

Blue-green architecture: A case study analysis considering the synergetic effects of water and vegetation

Blue–green infrastructure is a network of natural and near-natural areas that has a positive effect on the quality of urban environment. This multifunctional planning approach addresses different issues and objectives depending on whether the focus is on the blue (water) or the green (vegetation) elements. Green-motivated projects aim to densify urban vegetation and include the growing sector of building greening. A good climatic effect of vegetation can be achieved by sufficient irrigation. In many cases, this approach results in additional water requirements. Blue-motivated projects consider water accumulation in cities (e.g., by heavy rainfall) as a waste product and look for solutions for local drainage and evaporation. These planning approaches offer only one-sided solutions and create no sufficient interfaces between water availability and water demand. Based on four case studies, this work examines the extent to which blue–green projects take advantage of the possibilities for the synergetic use of resources. The projects are analyzed graphically by applying the daily tools of architects as a scientific method. A graphic presentation of the blue and green components makes existing solutions and missing links visible. Analytical results show that buildings can be considered to be an interface for blue–green systems. Moreover, the possible synergies are often overlooked during the planning process. This fact highlights the need for a new planning approach that interlinks blue and green aspects that are already in the early planning stages.     

Moisture management properties of plated knit structures with varying fiber types

Thermo-physiological comfort of clothing designed for next-to-skin applications is influenced by the clothing’s ability to manage heat and moisture transfer thereby maintaining dry skin microclimate. Plated knit structures designed and engineered with correct selection of fiber and yarn constituents in the distinct bottom (exposed to environment) and top (next to sin) layers can serve well for next-to-skin applications. In this study, plated fabrics with altering hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers in top and bottom layers and different types of hydrophobic fibers in top layers have been compared for the moisture management properties. Results show that fabrics knitted with hydrophobic fibers (polypropylene, polyester) in top layers seem suitable for next-to-skin applications as they were classified as moisture management fabrics owing to high values of accumulative one-way transport index and bottom spreading speed. Though both fabrics can be recommended for next-to-skin applications, however, polypropylene on account of superior moisture management properties in the top layer would be more effective in providing dry feel next to skin and hence, seems to be a preferred choice over polyester for such applications. Fabric knitted with nylon in top layer was classified as water penetration fabric due to poor liquid transfer properties. Fabrics knitted with cotton in top layer irrespective of the hydrophobic fiber in bottom layer were poor in moisture management properties. Univariate analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95% showed the results to be statistically significant. Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained for all the moisture management indices by bivariate correlation procedure to determine strength and direction of association between the different moisture management indices. Most of the indices were found to be significantly correlated also, OWTC and OMMC were found to be positively and linearly related to each other.     

智能型输电线路局部气象监测单元的设计与实现

安装在输电线上的智能型输电线路局部气象监测单元位于输电网灾害预警和决策系统的现场层,能够实现输电线路微气象参数的实时监测,为电网调度以及灾害预预警系统提供信息。文章基于数字信号处理器(digital signal processor,DSP)和"DSP+CPLD"硬件结构,设计了智能型微气象在线监测装置,并对设计中的关键问题进行了讨论。试验结果显示,所设计的在线监测装置可实现环境温度、湿度、大气压力、风速和风向等局部气象工况参数,还可提供控制系统所需的数字量和模拟量输出。     

人体不同活动工况下微小气候层内热湿传递规律的仿真分析

采用MATLAB软件及微小气候热湿传递理论对人体着装热湿传递过程进行仿真，分析其在静坐、轻度劳动和中度劳动工况下微小气候内热湿的变化规律。结果表明：在其它条件一定的情况下，人体活动水平的改变，导致微小气候层内的热湿传递的改变，并且随着劳动强度的增加，人体产热量、体表温湿度也增加，从而引起微小气候内温湿度有明显的变化趋势。     

基于公共健康视角的城市公园颗粒物 时空分布及影响因素研究

城市公园是主要的室外公共空间,其大气颗粒物污染的时空分布与居民健康密切相关。在秋季晴朗微风天气,在郑州人民公园5类园林空间(露天广场、草坪、半室内空间、林下空间、滨水空间),监测不同空间中颗粒物(PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))浓度和环境因子(风速、温度、湿度、天空可视因子、叶面积指数),探究城市公园中不同空间颗粒物浓度时空分布差异及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,草坪在8:00—14:00与其他空间PM_1、PM_(2.5)浓度有显著差异(P0.05);不同空间颗粒物浓度日均变化趋势相同,部分时段间存在显著差异(P 0.05),峰谷均在14:00—16:00,因而在颗粒物浓度较低的14:00—16:00更合适户外活动;相同空间3种颗粒物浓度均与空气温度显著负相关,与相对湿度显著正相关;空间内下垫面类型、人群的活动方式、周边植物群落结构等对颗粒物浓度均有影响。研究结果为公共健康视角下公园规划设计及居民对公园的使用提供依据和建议。     

Effect of moisture sorption of underwear material on clothing microclimate in a hot environment

In this study, to investigate the thermal comfort of underwear, it was experimentally evaluated how the moisture sorption of underwear material affected the transient condition on the clothing microclimate under the summer heat environment by using a perspiration thermal manikin. Three kinds of underwear with different mixed spinning rates of moisture absorbing synthetic fiber (MAS) were compared. It was shown that the higher the mixed spinning rate of MAS, the larger the decline of the humidity in the clothing was in insensible perspiration. In comparison, for PET70 with 100% cotton (COT100), though each of the official moisture regions was almost the same, the microclimate humidity declined more rapidly in COT100 and returned to the original humidity in a shorter time. The integration value of the humidity decline which returned to the original value was the same between the two materials. To show the effect of the initial condition of the material, the underwear in a moderate humid condition, which was 30^°C, 65% RH, was compared with one in a dry condition. The fall in the clothing microclimate of the humid condition was about one third that of the dry one. In sensible perspiration, though the humidity decline was seen, it returned to the original humidity faster than in the insensible condition. A temperature rise in the clothing and a temperature drop occurred as frequently as in the standard underwear during drying on the skin surface. This suggested that the endothermic reaction occurred as moisture desorbed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20220     

单栋建筑室外热环境的模拟计算方法

建筑室外热环境模拟计算是住区微气候研究的重要内容。本文提出了将求解建筑物和周围下垫面的热平衡方程组与室外空气场的CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)模拟计算相结合的方法,解决了空气场计算时间步长与建筑物以及下垫面计算时间步长不一致的问题。并提出将下垫面温度简化为逐时太阳直射区域温度和日影区域温度的方法,降低了CFD计算的复杂程度。该数值方法可以得到在自然条件作用下,建筑物表面和下垫面表面的逐时温度及空气温度与流动情况。计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,说明所提出的计算方法是有效的。     

Courtyard design impact on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs for residential households: Comparative analysis and deep-learning predictive model

A courtyard is an architectural design element which is often known as microclimate modifiers and is responsible to increase the indoor occupant comfort in traditional architecture. The aim of this study is to conduct a parametric evaluation of courtyard design variants in a residential building of different climates with a focus on indoor thermal comfort and utility costs. A brute-force approach is applied to generate a wide range of design alternatives and the simulation workflow is conducted by Grasshopper together with the environmental plugins Ladybug and Honeybee. The main study objective is the evaluation of the occupant thermal comfort in an air-conditioned residential building, energy load, and cost analysis, derived from different design variables including courtyard geometry, window-to-wall ratio, envelope materials, heating, and cooling set-point dead-bands, and building geographical location. Furthermore, a Deep Learning model is developed using the inputs and outputs of the simulation and analysis to transform the outcomes into the algorithmic and tangible environment feasible for predictive applications. The results suggest that regarding the thermal loads, costs, and indoor thermal comfort index (PMV), there are high correlations between the outdoor weather variation and dead-band ranges, while in extreme climates such as Singapore, courtyard spaces might not be efficient enough as expected. Finally, the highly accurate deep learning model is also developed, delivering superior predictive capabilities for the thermal comfort and utility costs of the courtyard designs.     

输电线路冰区分布图绘制关键技术

输电线路冰区等级的科学合理划分对电网的安全稳定运行起着举足轻重的作用。在分析国内外输电线路冰区分布图绘制现状的基础上,讨论了输电线路冰区分布图绘制技术及其涉及的覆冰观测方法、覆冰冰厚数值模拟、数理统计模型、冰区划分标准、微地形与微气象处理方式、运行经验订正等方面的技术现状。针对当前冰区分布图绘制存在的问题与我国电网建设的规划,给出了冰区分布图绘制关键技术的发展趋势。