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991.
近年来,纳米材料因其有吸引力的物化特性已在生物医药、电子储能、保护涂层等领域发挥重要作用。随着石油资源的需求不断增加和开采难度提高,石油勘探和提高石油采收率技术需要不断创新,以满足未来对碳氢燃料的需求。将功能化的纳米材料与提高采收率技术结合,可以改善驱替剂的流变性能,改变储层岩石的润湿性、降低油水界面张力、提高原油的流动性等,进一步提高原油采收率,为油田的有效、可持续开发提供新的技术手段。本文首先综述了当前在提高采收率领域中的应用较多的几类纳米材料;之后,对纳米材料在提高采收率中的作用机理做了总结;最后,讨论了纳米材料在提高采收率技术中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
992.
K. R. Kloetstra H. W. Zandbergen M. A. van Koten H. van Bekkum 《Catalysis Letters》1995,33(1-2):145-156
Thermoporometry, a calorimetric procedure, is applied for measuring the pore size distribution, pore volume and surface area of mesoporous MCM-41 molecular sieves using water as the adsorbate. A series of MCM-41 materials with various pore diameters was synthesized and subjected to the new method. The results are compared with nitrogen physisorption. Both methods are complementary, whereby the former provides also information about the pore shape. MCM-41 materials with pores wider than 50 Å also allow the use of benzene as the adsorbate in thermoporometry. 相似文献
993.
Premang R. Buch 《Polymer》2005,46(15):5524-5532
Novel diamines such as N,N′-bis(aminoaryl)terephthalamido-2-carboxylic acids (BATCA), which contain primary amine, amide and carboxylic acid groups and are soluble in dilute aqueous NaOH solution, were synthesized by reacting aromatic diamines with trimellitic anhydride chloride in dimethylformamide. Poly(amide imide)s containing 3:1 ratio of amide:imide groups in the polymer chain were prepared by low temperature solution polymerization of BATCAs with isophthaloyl chloride or terephthaloyl chloride in dimethylformamide at 5-10 °C to form poly(amide amic acid)s, and followed by treating with a mixture of triethylamine and acetic anhydride. The PAIs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents like dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulphoxide and N-methylpyrrolidone, and have inherent viscosities in the range of 0.30-0.66 dL/g. The PAIs were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has shown that the initial decomposition temperatures of the polymers are in the range of 250-440 °C, depending upon the structures of diamine and diacid chloride. The glass transition temperatures of the PAIs are in the range of 128-320 °C. The IDT and Tg values of the polymers containing terephthaloyl unit are higher by about 20-40 °C than those of the polymers with isophthaloyl unit. BATCA could be utilized for the preparation of thin film composite membranes having PAA/PAI barrier layer on PES by in situ interfacial polymerization with IPC/TPC/TMC. 相似文献
994.
Polyester polyurethane cationomers are prepared using polyester polyol of molecular weight 2000 as soft segments, N-methyl diethanolamine as chain extender, glycolic acid as quaternization agent, methyl ethyl ketone as solvent, and 4,4'-diphenylenemethylene diisocyanate (MDI) as diisocyanate. Properties of the films cast from solutions and emulsions are studied by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile-elongation testing. Ionization can cause phase separation and produces increased cohesion in the hard domains. The dispersion process can be divided into three stages involving a separation of hard segment aggregates due to adsorption of water on their surface, water entering into hard segment microionic lattics, and finally a rearrangement of agglomerates to form microspheres. The dispersion can disrupt the order in the hard domains and an increased phase separation. 相似文献
995.
采用喷雾低水熄焦技术对原熄焦系统进行了改造,解决了喷嘴堵塞及喷淋效果不好等问题。熄焦时间缩短了50~80s,用水量减少了20%~40%,焦炭水分降低了1%。同时,还稳定了高炉操作,使焦比降低了1.2%。 相似文献
996.
997.
A novel and simple growth mark method was developed to make marks during the growth process of carbon nanotube arrays. These marks can be read out under scanning electron microscope or optical microscope. Based on this method, the growth rates at different temperatures and under different acetylene partial pressures were measured, from which the activation energy and the order of reaction were determined. Based on our experimental results, the growth of carbon nanotube arrays in our experimental condition could not be diffusion-limited. The measured activation energy could possibly be attributed to the heterogeneous decomposition of acetylene over the catalyst particle. Furthermore the marked array with special segmental structure may be found some applications in the future. 相似文献
998.
999.
A series of novel copolymer superabsorbents based on monomer acrylamide (AM), potassium methacrylate (KMA), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were prepared by copolymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. The synthetic variables (the monomer concentration, crosslinker concentration, and initiator concentration) were also studied. The experimental results of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) show a better absorbency in both water and NaCl solutions. The copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy. The water retention in the soil was enhanced using the above superabsorbents. The use of SAPs for the growth of groundnut plants was also investigated. SAPs can be considered for water‐managing materials for agriculture and horticulture purposes in desert and drought‐prone areas. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1795–1801, 2002 相似文献
1000.
Greg R. Leist 《臭氧:科学与工程》1992,14(6):501-516
The treatment chemical ozone has now been successfully used in the United States in municipal water and wastewater plants for many years. To insure continuous, successful operations of these applications, operating obstacles had to be dealt with and overcome.
In this paper, examples of field operating problems and their solutions are described. The experiences at specific municipal water and wastewater installations are reviewed in detail. Discussed for each example are : the background and effects of the problem, the problem-solving process, and the eventual resolution of the problem. The examples include simple unit operations to entire processes.
By observing the ozone installation's operation several years after start-up, the design of future ozone systems can be improved and operating problems minimized. 相似文献