用豆粕发酵生产卡门柏青霉脂肪酶

以廉价的脱脂豆粕为初始培养基和补料培养基,采用不同流加方式,包括间歇补料、高浓度流加和低浓度流加,对发酵生产卡门柏青霉(Penicillium camembertii Thom)脂肪酶进行了研究. 在5 L发酵罐中不外加碳源,以脱脂豆粕为培养基主要成分的条件下,采用流加高浓度脱脂豆粕的方式,发酵99.8 h得到1,3-专一性脂肪酶,最大酶活力392 IU/mL. 由于在培养基中以脱脂豆粕代替了昂贵的霍霍巴油,有可能大幅度降低生产成本.     

蓝纹牦牛干酪成熟特性及其风味分析

牦牛乳具有高蛋白、高脂肪的营养特性以及较好的抗疲劳等功能特性。然而,由于牦牛乳产量较低,且产地分散,其在干酪产品开发等精深加工方面研究较少。采用娄地青霉为次级发酵剂,开发蓝纹牦牛干酪,并对其成熟特性以及风味物质进行分析。研究结果显示,娄地青霉能够在牦牛干酪中迅速生长,促进蛋白质的降解并形成大量的多肽、氨基酸等。牦牛干酪成熟末期游离氨基酸,尤其是鲜味氨基酸含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。利用SPME-GC/MS技术在牦牛干酪中共检测出53种风味物质。正交偏最小二乘分析(OPLS-DA)分析显示,与成熟初期相比,蓝纹牦牛干酪风味物质构成在成熟未期发生显著变化,挥发物总含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。牦牛干酪中酯类风味物质主要以脂肪甲酯类为主,且在成熟后期(25、46d)含量相对稳定;脂肪酸类化合物含量在成熟中期最高,但是在成熟末期显著降低(P＜0.05);酮类化合物尤其是甲基酮类,在成熟后期含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。2-壬酮、2-庚酮、辛酸甲酯、2-戊酮、癸酸乙酯、癸酸甲酯、己酸、2-辛酮、丁酸等风味化合物是蓝纹牦牛干酪的主要风味物质。研究表明,娄地青霉能够良好地促进牦牛干酪的成熟,且对牦牛干酪的营养特性以及特征风味的形成具有显著影响。研究结果旨在为我国牦牛乳等特色乳品的深加工奠定理论基础,同时为我国特色乳品产业发展提供参考。     

Influence of Aerobic Pretreatment with Penicillium decumbens on the Anaerobic Digestion of Beet Molasses Alcoholic Fermentation Wastewater in Suspended and Immobilized Cell Bioreactors

A comparative study was carried out on the anaerobic digestion of untreated and previously-fermented (with Penicillium decumbens) beet molasses. Four continuous stirred tank reactors were used for the study, two with freely suspended biomass, and the other with biomass supported on saponite. The reactors operated satisfactorily between hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 53·3–10·6 days and 15·4–3·1 days for untreated and previously-fermented molasses respectively. The anaerobic digestion processes of untreated and pretreated molasses were found to follow first-order kinetics for biomass loading rates in the range of 0–0·55 and 0–0·75 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) g⁻¹ volatile suspended solids (VSS) day⁻¹ respectively. The experimental data [namely unitary conversion or efficiency (X), HRT, biomass concentration (M) and incoming substrate concentration (S₀)] conformed to an equation of the form: X/HRT = KM(1-X)–(KMS_R/S₀), from which the kinetic constant, K, was calculated. The kinetic constants were influenced by the pretreatment carried out and were 1·7 and 2·5 times higher for pretreated molasses than for untreated molasses in the reactors with suspended and immobilized biomass respectively. This was significant at a 95% confidence level. The specific rate of substrate uptake for cell maintenance (m) decreased by a factor of approximately 2 for the previously fermented molasses in relation to the observed values for the untreated molasses. This may be attributable to the fact that higher phenolic compound concentrations inhibit and interfere with the activity of anaerobic bacteria. © 1997 SCI.     

Efficacy of preharvest and postharvest Candida sake biocontrol treatments to prevent blue mould on apples during cold storage

This study compared the biocontrol efficiency of preharvest and postharvest applied yeast cells of Candida sake to apples (cv. Golden Delicious) wounded before and after harvest and inoculated with Penicillium expansum prior to cold storage conditions in two seasons, 1994/95 and 1995/96. The establishment of populations of C. sake during this period also was determined. In both years, postharvest treatment with the antagonist resulted in significant (P<0.05) and effective control of Penicillium rot whether pre- or postharvest wounds were made. Maximum disease control achieved, in terms of incidence and severity, was greater than 80% reduction in lesion diameter and 50% reduction in the incidence of lesions. However, preharvest application of the antagonistic yeast at a concentration of 3·10⁶ CFU/ml was less effective against Penicillium rot than postharvest treatment. No advantages in biocontrol were observed when apples were treated with the yeast antagonist both pre- and postharvest. Candida sake population levels during cold storage of apples receiving only preharvest application of the antagonist decreased prior and more rapidly than levels in apples receiving a postharvest application. High populations of C. sake were present in postharvest-treated apples, even after 90 days in cold storage.     

Application of ozone for degradation of mycotoxins in food: A review

Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) fumonisins (FMN), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and patulin are stable at regular food process practices. Ozone (O₃) is a strong oxidizer and generally considered as a safe antimicrobial agent in food industries. Ozone disrupts fungal cells through oxidizing sulfhydryl and amino acid groups of enzymes or attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the cell wall. Fusarium is the most sensitive mycotoxigenic fungi to ozonation followed by Aspergillus and Penicillium. Studies have shown complete inactivation of Fusarium and Aspergillus by O₃ gas. Spore germination and toxin production have also been reduced after ozone fumigation. Both naturally and artificially, mycotoxin‐contaminated samples have shown significant mycotoxin reduction after ozonation. Although the mechanism of detoxification is not very clear for some mycotoxins, it is believed that ozone reacts with the functional groups in the mycotoxin molecules, changes their molecular structures, and forms products with lower molecular weight, less double bonds, and less toxicity. Although some minor physicochemical changes were observed in some ozone‐treated foods, these changes may or may not affect the use of the ozonated product depending on the further application of it. The effectiveness of the ozonation process depends on the exposure time, ozone concentration, temperature, moisture content of the product, and relative humidity. Due to its strong oxidizing property and corrosiveness, there are strict limits for O₃ gas exposure. O₃ gas has limited penetration and decomposes quickly. However, ozone treatment can be used as a safe and green technology for food preservation and control of contaminants.     

Phytopathogenic organisms and mycotoxigenic fungi: Why do we control one and neglect the other? A biological control perspective in Malaysia

In this review, we present the current information on development and applications of biological control against phytopathogenic organisms as well as mycotoxigenic fungi in Malaysia as part of the integrated pest management (IPM) programs in a collective effort to achieve food security. Although the biological control of phytopathogenic organisms of economically important crops is well established and widely practiced in Malaysia with considerable success, the same cannot be said for mycotoxigenic fungi. This is surprising because the year round hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate is very conducive for the colonization of mycotoxigenic fungi and the potential contamination with mycotoxins. This suggests that less focus has been made on the control of mycotoxigenic species in the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium in Malaysia, despite the food security and health implications of exposure to the mycotoxins produced by these species. At present, there is limited research in Malaysia related to biological control of the key mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, Fusarium‐related mycotoxins, and ochratoxin A, in key food and feed chains. The expected threats of climate change, its impacts on both plant physiology and the proliferation of mycotoxigenic fungi, and the contamination of food and feed commodities with mycotoxins, including the discovery of masked mycotoxins, will pose significant new global challenges that will impact on mycotoxin management strategies in food and feed crops worldwide. Future research, especially in Malaysia, should urgently focus on these challenges to develop IPM strategies that include biological control for minimizing mycotoxins in economically important food and feed chains for the benefit of ensuring food safety and food security under climate change scenarios.     

Gold‐cyanide biosorption with L‐cysteine

L ‐Cysteine increased gold‐cyanide biosorption by protonated Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium chrysogenum and Sargassum fluitans biomass. At pH 2, the maximum Au uptakes were 20.5 µmol g⁻¹, 14.2 µmol g⁻¹ and 4.7 µmol g⁻¹ of Au, respectively, approximately 148–250% of the biosorption performance in the absence of cysteine. Au biosorption mainly involved anionic AuCN₂⁻ species adsorbed by ionizable functional groups on cysteine‐loaded biomass carrying a positive charge when protonated [(biomass–cysteine–H⁺)–(AuCN₂⁻)]. Deposited gold could be eluted from Au‐loaded biomass at pH 3–5. The elution efficiencies were higher than 92% at pH 5.0 with the Solid‐to‐Liquid ratio, S/L, = 4. Increasing solution ionic strength (NaNO)₃ decreased Au uptake. FTIR analyses indicated that the main functional groups involved in gold biosorption in the presence of L ‐cysteine are probably N‐, S‐ and O‐containing groups. The present results confirm that certain waste microbial biomaterials are capable of effectively removing and concentrating gold from solutions containing residual cyanide if applied under appropriate conditions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

茶树精油对扩展青霉线粒体功能的影响

为了揭示茶树精油(tea tree oil,TTO)对果蔬采后病原真菌扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)的抑菌作用机制,以TTO处理的P.expansum孢子、菌丝和线粒体为研究对象,测定活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)积累及6种线粒体功能相关酶类的活力变化,并采用扫描...     

草酸青霉线性五肽生物合成的比较转录组分析

草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)是一种重要的植物生防菌,从三峡河岸带分布的草酸青霉中,分离到一种线性五肽,该物质对柑橘致腐菌指状青霉(P.digitatum)具有极强的抑制作用.为了分析该五肽的生物合成机制,本研究采用BGISEQ-500平台,测定了3株不同五肽含量的草酸青霉(114-2,SG-4,...     

姜黄素光动力技术对扩展青霉生长及分泌棒曲霉素的抑制效果

该研究探究了姜黄素介导的光动力技术对扩展青霉菌丝生长及分泌棒曲霉素的影响。结果表明，固体培养扩展青霉菌丝5 d后活力旺盛，棒曲霉素分泌量增长6.5倍。仅姜黄素短暂处理可轻微抑制菌丝生长及棒曲霉素分泌；而在0.275 W/cm2光剂量下，50~300 μmol/L浓度的姜黄素可显著降低固体培养扩展青霉的菌落直径（0.84 cm）和菌丝质量（68.37 mg），同时棒曲霉素分泌抑制率约为83.85%。接种菌丝的红富士苹果经光动力处理并培养8 d后，病斑直径抑制率与姜黄素浓度呈正相关性，最大抑制率为49.38%；而棒曲霉素在果实内分布与菌丝扩展能力密切相关，病斑比重和棒曲霉素含量分别为0.09%、18.02%。综上，姜黄素介导的光动力技术可显著抑制扩展青霉菌丝生长以及棒曲霉素分泌。