水产养殖动物营养与饲料工程发展战略研究

本文综述了我国水产养殖动物营养学研究和饲料工程方面近期的研究,分析了产业发展的问题,探讨了下一步的政策措施。可以发现,过去10多年里,水产动物营养与饲料的发展在营养素需求、动物的摄食与投喂、仔稚鱼饲料、亲本营养、添加剂等方面取得了重要的进展,但仍然存在饵料系数高、环境排放大、饲料成本高、效益不稳定等问题。下一步的研究应该以"安全高效,节约环保"为目标,引入生态学和现代组学理念,开展水产动物营养代谢的分子机理、动物的营养需要与精准饲料配方技术、饲料质量控制与加工工艺、精准投喂技术、品质调控技术等方面的研究,同时在政策上应该扩大学科交流、实行长期稳定支持等。     

Sports tournament scheduling to determine the required number of venues subject to the minimum timeslots under given formats

We studied a two-phase, preliminary and finals, tournament, which commonly adopted for non-professional sports. The round robin tournament in divisions is played in the preliminary phase, followed by one of the three variants, namely single elimination, double elimination, and round robin in the finals phase. The objective is to determine the required number of venues (tables or courts) subject to the least timeslots under the given format. We used a diagonal symmetric matrix to pair teams to games and to schedule games in timeslots for the round robin tournament. For the preliminary phase, we proposed a procedure to find the number of divisions and the number of teams in each division that minimize the total number of games and timeslots accordingly. For the finals phase, we determined the number of venues required in the least timeslots. We then formulated a constraint programming model based on the diagonal symmetric matrix for the round robin tournament. Finally, we provided suggestions for choosing the appropriate competition format.     

于感性与理性间行走 福建莆田市体育中心设计创作谈

建筑设计之路总是在感性与理性之间行走,建筑师塑造空间,除了赋予它们社会效用,还给予它们以社会意义和审美意义。文章从福建莆田体育中心的感性认知入手,探讨感性认知与理性操作之间的推进关系,寻求感性与理性的共融之路。     

Nutritive Substitution of Zinc by Cadmium and Cobalt in Phytoplankton Isolated from the Lower Great Lakes

Low ambient concentrations of trace metals including Zn may limit phytoplankton productivity in the North American Great Lakes. The microalgae Chlorella sp. UTCC 522 (Chlorophyta) and Cyclotella sp. UTCC 520 (Heterokontophyta), indigenous to the Great Lakes, were assayed for their Zn requirement and the ability for Co and Cd to metabolically substitute for Zn under conditions in which Zn bioavailability was limiting cell growth. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory using chemically defined media and the metal buffer EDTA to control the free-ion concentrations of Zn²⁺ (10^−15.3−10⁻¹⁰ mol/L), Cd²⁺ (10^−15.1−10⁻¹⁰ mol/L), and Co²⁺ (10⁻¹⁴−10⁻¹⁰ mol/L). Influence of the metals on the phytoplankton was measured by the effect on specific growth rate. Both microalgae required Zn and could use Co and Cd as Zn substitutes; Cd was used less-effectively, although to a greater extent by the diatom Cyclotella than by the chlorophyte, Chlorella. The observed ability of the phytoplankton to use Cd and Co as Zn substitutes suggests that microalgae play an important role in the geochemical cycling of Zn, Cd and Co in large lakes, and the mobilization of Cd in lake ecosystems impacted by pollution.     

浅谈建筑师如何选用体育场馆室内声学材料

随着北京奥运会的临近和全民健身运动的推广，全国各地均在进行不同程度的体育场馆新建、改建、扩建工程，体育建筑设计也逐渐进入更深入的专业化设计领域。该文基于体育场馆的空间特点，简要介绍了一些体育场馆内部常用声学材料的特点及使用。     

Effects of nitrogen source,rate and application time on boronia (Boronia megastigma Nees) leaf nitrogen and flower production

Nitrogen was supplied from two fast release sources, ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂) and a slow release source, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) to boronia, a new flower crop native to Australia. At lower rates (25 kg per ha), N availability from different sources, as indicated by the leaf N concentration, did not differ within a month after application but three months after application, N availability was higher from IBDU than from (NH₄)₂SO₄ or Ca(NO₃)₂. At 50 or 100 kg per ha, N availability was higher throughout the year from (NH₄)₂SO₄ or Ca(NO₃)₂ than from IBDU, thereby allowing luxury consumption and causing toxicity. The flower yield increased with increasing N rates. Complete doses of all N rates which were applied early during the vegetative growth gave the highest yields and the same N rates applied in split doses at different phases of plant growth decreased the yields. In addition, high N availability during flowering (caused by a split dose) further decreased the yield. At all application times, IBDU gave the highest yield and the differences in yields with (NH₄)₂SO₄ and Ca(NO₃)₂ were not significant. The leaf N concentration associated with maximum yield declined as the plant advanced towards flowering.     

我国特殊医学用途配方食品蛋白质原料使用状况分析

目的 探讨分析蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中的使用状况，为特殊医学用途配方食品研发中蛋白质原料的选择、产品的注册管理及临床使用提供参考。方法 结合特殊医学用途配方食品的注册审评情况，从法规标准、蛋白质原料特征及其在不同类型特殊医学用途配方食品中的使用等进行汇总分析。结果 蛋白质在特殊医学用途配方食品中具有重要的营养作用，常用的原料包括乳清蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、水解蛋白及氨基酸等。基于不同的适用人群，蛋白质在全营养配方食品、蛋白质组件及特定全营养配方食品中具有相应的使用要求和临床应用特点。结论 基于目前的注册审评情况及文献查询情况，针对蛋白质原料和人体对蛋白质营养需求的相关研究较为成熟，但针对蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中使用的研究仍较为有限。建议进一步加强蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中使用的基础研究、标准法规的完善以及上市后产品临床使用情况的数据收集等工作。     

高浓度复合肥叶面喷施对棉花营养效应的研究

田间试验结果表明，棉花叶面喷施含硼磷酸钾铵、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸二氢钾铵均可增强植株抗病力，提高棉花产量２．４７％～１１．９２％，改善棉花纤维整齐度、单纤强力和成熟系数。     

Fortified food made by the extrusion of a mixture of chickpea,corn and bovine lung controls iron-deficiency anaemia in preschool children

A fortified food that was rich in protein, vitamins and iron made of chickpea, bovine lung and corn was developed with the aim of controlling iron-deficiency anaemia in children from poorer areas. It was tested in Teresina, State of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil, on a population with high anaemia prevalence. Two local daycare units with similar characteristics were selected and the children at one of them received a 30 g pack three times a week, representing a total iron daily intake of 6.96 mg. The other daycare unit was followed as a control. The capillary haemoglobin concentration was determined for the children at both daycare units, at the beginning of the study and after a two-month intervention period. The mean haemoglobin concentration in the test group at the beginning of the intervention was 11.8 g/dL, which increased to 13.1 g/dL at the end of the intervention. In the control group these figures remained practically constant (11.6–11.8 g/dL). These represented a dramatic and significant drop in anaemia prevalence, from 61.5% to 11.5% in the test group, and an insignificant reduction (63.1–57.7%) in the control group. The acceptance of the fortified snack was excellent and no undesirable effects were observed.