Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto granular starch: Comparison on the potassium persulfate and ceric ammonium nitrate initiated system

This work was undertaken to discuss in depth the vital differences in the morphological development during synthesis, and properties of starch‐g‐poly‐(vinyl acetate) copolymers using two different initiators, potassium persulfate (KPS) and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). KPS‐initiated system gave relatively low values of grafting ratio and grafting efficiency, indicating a great tendency for the formation of poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymer (PVAc). Yet, higher values were seen for the CAN‐initiated system. Transmission electron microscope observations indicated a relatively broad distribution of latex particles for the KPS‐initiated system. The surface potential of latex particles was about ?3.5 mV, which turned out to be insufficient to maintain stability of latex particles. On the other hand, a uniform particle size distribution was found for the CAN‐initiated system, as the surface potential of latex particles was 21.5 mV. Moreover, radicals on starch molecules were generated directly through a redox reaction with positively charged ceric ion. The hydrophobic PVAc chains were thus grafted on starch, resulting in an amphiphilic graft copolymer, which provides a sufficient stabilization degree as a role of surfactant to render a relatively uniform distribution of latex particles. The synthesized starch‐g‐poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers were further converted to starch‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) through saponification, which were subjected to evaluations regarding the biodegradation and cell culture capability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3017–3027, 2006     

Reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizers of varying water-soluble phosphorus content in different Indian soils

Studies were undertaken on the isolation and identification of reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate (ANP) fertilizers containing 30, 50 and 70 per cent water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) of total phosphorus in representative soils of the vertisol, oxisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of India. ANP fertilizers were applied in solid form to soil, and reaction products formed at and around the site of ANP fertilizer placement were identified after six weeks incubation in moist soils by X-ray diffraction technique. DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate- CaHPO₄ · 2H₂O) was the major reaction product of ANP fertilizers containing 30 and 50 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, aridisol, mollisol, oxisol and alfisol, and of ANP containing 70 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, alfisol, aridisol and mollisol. DCP (dicalcium phosphate-CaHPO₄) was detected with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP in the vertisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of soils. In addition to DCPD, FePO₄ · 2H₂O (metastrengite) and AlPO₄ · 2H₂ O-monoclinic (metavariscite) were formed in alfisol and oxisol soils with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP. FePO₄ · 2H₂O and AlPO₄ · 2H₂O (metavariscite) were identified in alfisol and oxisol soils while AlPO₄ · 2H₂O-orthorhombic (variscite) was formed in alfisol soils with ANP of 70 per cent WSP.     

高养分液体复合肥料的生产工艺

随着我国叶面喷施和灌溉技术特别是滴灌技术的应用,液体复合肥得到迅速发展。研究以聚磷酸铵、尿素-硝铵含氮溶液为配制液体复合肥料的基础肥料来源,添加钾肥、磷肥、除草剂、杀虫剂等生产高养分含量液体复合肥的原料选择、工艺流程及工艺指标。     

Ammonium transformation in paddy soils affected by the presence of nitrate

Coupled nitrification and denitrification is considered as one of the main pathways of nitrogen losses in paddy soils. The effect of NO₃ ^– on NH₄ ⁺ transformation was investigated by using the ¹⁵N technique. The paddy soils were collected from Wuxi (soil pH 5.84) and Yingtan (soil pH 5.02), China. The soils were added with either urea (18.57 mol urea-N enriched with 60 atom% ¹⁵N excess) plus 2.14 mol KNO₃-N (natural abundance) per gram soil (U+NO₃) or urea alone (U). The KNO₃ was added 6 days after urea addition. The incubation was carried out under flooded condition in either air or N₂ gas headspace at 25°C. The results showed that in air headspace, ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidization was so fast that about 10% and 8% of added ¹⁵N in the treatment U could be oxidized during the incubation period of 73 hours after KNO₃ addition in Wuxi and Yingtan soil, respectively. The addition of KNO₃ significantly inhibited ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation (p<0.01) in air headspace, while it stimulated ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation in N₂ gas headspace, although the oxidation was depressed by the N₂ gas headspace itself. Therefore, the accumulation of NO₃ ^– would inhibit further nitrification of NH₄ ⁺ at micro-aerobic sites in paddy soils, especially in paddy soils with a low denitrification rate. On the other hand, NO₃ ^– would lead to oxidation of NH₄ ⁺in anaerobic bulk soils.     

重钙装置改产磷铵反应与尾气洗涤系统设备出现的问题

介绍瓮福磷肥厂重钙(TSP)装置改产DAP后,反应与尾气洗涤系统料浆泵、搅拌器、反应器、洗涤泵、重要阀门在运行中出现的问题及处理措施.     

次氯酸钠氧化法测定聚丙烯酰胺浓度的研究

阐述了次氯酸钠氧化法（浊度法）测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度的反应机理，研究了聚丙烯酰胺的相对分子质量、次氯酸钠溶液浓度、反应时间对吸光度值的影响，针对大庆油田杏二中三元复合驱采出水中含有碱和表面活性剂、pH值高、黏度大、富集硫化物和亚硫酸根等特点，提出采用过硫酸铵一浊度法检测三元复合驱采出水中聚丙烯酰胺浓度。     

中低品位膨润土的有机化及在泥浆中的应用

以新疆乌兰陵格产中低品位钠基膨润土为原料,用十六烷基三甲基铵盐(氯化物D1631和溴化物CTAB)作插层剂,制备有机膨润土。通过实验确定了制备有机膨润土的季铵盐加入量是85～90mmol/100g土。用红外(FTIR)、X-衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了有机土结构。FTIR谱显示有机插层剂已进入膨润土的层间,XRD特征峰位移表明膨润土的层间距由1.23nm增加到3.26nm。SEM观察到有机土形貌显著改变,颗粒松散。结果表明膨润土的层间距增大,粒层厚度约为72nm左右。测试了有机膨润土的钻井油基泥浆性能,结果表明,其塑性粘度为7.0mPa·s,表观粘度为8.5mPa·s,动切力为1.5Pa,滤失量40.0mL,均已达到钻井液用有机土的质量指标要求。     

对辊式造粒机在复混肥生产中的应用

对辊式造粒机生产粒状 ( 5 .5 m m)复混肥的原理及特点 :过程无温升 ,不需干燥 ,故采用原料广泛 ;该机可用含硝态氮的氮肥生产喜硝态氮的的作物专用肥 ;还可生产颗粒磷肥及颗粒碳铵。该机的主要消耗为对辊外壳 ,一对对辊外壳价值 80 0 0元 ,可生产 30 0 0 t肥料 ,每吨肥料的设备机物料损耗约 3元     

非对称双子季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵,后与3种不同烷基链长的长链烷基叔胺反应,得到3种非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(Ⅰ～Ⅲ)。通过IR光谱,1HNMR确证了中间体及目的产物的结构。测定了产物的临界胶束浓度cmc及γcmc。cmc分别为1 07×10-3mol·dm-3、1 99×10-3mol·dm-3和9 55×10-3mol·dm-3,γcmc分别为40 9mN·m-1、48 0mN·m-1和50 9mN·m-1。结果表明:所合成的非对称Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

活性中间体失水甘油基三甲基氯化铵的性质研究

以环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺为原料 ,常温下合成活性中间体失水甘油基三甲基氯化铵 (GTA)。通过对GTA的吸水性和水解性的定量分析可知 :温度上升水解加快 ,吸水减慢 ;吸水与水解都随时间延长加强。在较低浓度的GTA水溶液中 ,随时间的延长GTA逐渐水解失效 ,但质量分数为 70 %～ 80 %的GTA稠浆的分解速率常数却很小。