Measuring acceptance of milk and milk substitutes among younger and older children

Appropriate nutrient-dense foods and beverages are crucial for children for proper growth and development and to develop healthful lifelong habits. This study investigated children's (ages 8 to 16 y old) perception of sensory intensity, attribute liking and overall liking of unflavored and chocolate lactose-free cow's milk and soy beverages. Products were not identified as to whether they were soy or milk. Children showed greater acceptance of lactose-free cow's milk compared to milk substitute beverages, within flavor category. No differences in acceptance emerged by ethnic group (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic), but a large difference emerged by age group. All product acceptance differences perceived by older children reoccurred among the younger children and in the same direction, but the older children used a larger range of numbers, especially at the lower end, rather than at the higher end of acceptance. The effect of age is not a simple scaling bias but may suggest a reduced criticism by younger respondents of less-acceptable products.     

纳滤技术回收乳制品废水中乳糖的研究

以回收乳制品废水中的乳糖和再生废水为目的,研究了纳滤膜法回收废水中乳糖的工艺,系统地讨论了操作压力、进料流量、浓缩比等因素对回收率和对COD去除率的影响。在本实验条件下,纳滤膜法回收乳制品废水中乳糖的最佳操作压力为1.0 MPa,进料流量为28 L/min。在此最佳操作压力和进料流量下,废水中乳糖的回收率为100%。而纳滤膜处理后乳制品废水的各项水质指标也达到了再生水的水质标准。     

Characteristics of lactose-free frozen yogurt with κ-carrageenan and corn starch as stabilizers

Frozen yogurt is a type of dairy product that is considered to be a more healthful alternative to conventional ice cream due to its lower fat content and the presence of viable lactic acid bacteria. Lactose-free products are a growing trend in the dairy industry, and lactose-free yogurts and ice creams can both be found on the market. However, lactose-free frozen yogurt has not yet reached the market. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of adding κ-carrageenan (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15%) and corn starch (1, 2, and 3%) on acidity, texture, viscosity, overrun, melting properties, color attributes, and sensory characteristics of lactose-free frozen yogurts. Lactose was reduced by enzymatic hydrolysis during the fermentation process. The effectiveness of the hydrolysis was measured by HPLC, and lactose was reduced to 0.05% after 80 min of incubation with the enzyme. The addition of stabilizers did not change overrun and melting properties of frozen yogurt, but it did affect pH, titratable acidity, and color parameters. The product with 0.15% κ-carrageenan had the highest hardness and stickiness values. Moreover, κ-carrageenan had a positive effect on sensory attractiveness of lactose-free frozen yogurt, and it reduced the coarse texture in comparison with the control without stabilizers. A lactose-free frozen yogurt with good quality and nutritional characteristics was produced, particularly with the use of κ-carrageenan as stabilizer.     

Genetic associations of lactose and its ratios to other milk solids with health traits in Austrian Fleckvieh cows

The genetic correlations (r_a) of milk lactose percentage (LP), lactose yield (LY), and ratios of LP to other milk solids with udder, metabolic, and fertility disorders have not been assessed in dairy cattle so far. To evaluate the potential role of milk lactose as indicator of cow health, 142,285 lactation records of 84,289 Austrian Fleckvieh cows were analyzed with univariate and bivariate animal models. Milk traits were on a 150-d basis and health traits were coded as binary (0/1). Other than LP and LY, 3 new phenotypes were defined and included in the present study, namely the lactose-to-fat, lactose-to-protein, and lactose-to-solids ratios. The most heritable trait was LP (0.566 ± 0.008) and heritability of LY was much lower (0.145 ± 0.005). Heritability estimates close to 0.50 were assessed for the ratios. The frequency of health disorders was higher in multiparous cows yielding milk with low LP (≤4.553%) compared with cows yielding milk with high LP (≥5.045%). Heritabilities of health traits were in the expected ranges, with the highest estimate for ovarian cysts (CYS; 0.037 ± 0.004) and the lowest for retained placenta (0.005 ± 0.001). Mastitis (MAS) genetically correlated with LY (0.518 ± 0.057); considering that the amount of synthesized lactose is the key regulator of milk volume, this result confirmed that high-producing cows are more genetically susceptible to MAS than low-producing animals. Similar to MAS, ketosis (KET) was also positively genetically associated with LY (0.420 ± 0.077) and a weak and unfavorable r_a between KET and lactose-to-protein ratio was estimated (0.159 ± 0.077). The r_a of LY with milk fever (MFV) and CYS were approximately 0.20. The r_a of LP with MAS, KET, and MFV were negative (?0.142 on average), supporting the idea that LP is a potential health indicator. Genetic correlations between health traits ranged from zero (retained placenta with MAS and CYS) to 0.463 ± 0.090 (MAS and MFV). Results of the present study suggest that LP has potentiality to be used as indicator trait to improve udder health in Austrian Fleckvieh population.     

乳糖法与LST法检测大肠菌群的差异性研究

目的:为了解乳糖法与LST法检测大肠菌群的差异,帮助产品标准的更改。方法:乳糖法与LST法分别对大肠杆菌标准菌液和8类食品进行检测。结果:对大肠杆菌标准菌液的检测,乳糖法和LST法在MPN95%可信限内都是准确的、可靠的。LST法比乳糖法的平均检出率高出143%。对8类食品的检测,2种方法总体上存在显著性差异,LST法比乳糖法的平均不合格率高82.41%。就个体来讲,当食品中含有较多大肠菌群时,两者的结果有显著差异;当样品中含有极少或者不含有大肠菌群时,两者的结果没有显著差异。结论:LST法比乳糖法的检出率高,修订产品标准时,对易被大肠菌群污染的产品应依据LST法的结果重新修订标准值。     

乳糖诱导葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

以乳糖作为诱导剂代替传统方法中的IPTG,分别从菌龄、诱导剂浓度、诱导时间及诱导剂的添加方式等方面,对乳糖诱导金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(staphylococcal enterotoxins A,SEA)基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的表达进行了研究。结果表明,重组大肠杆菌表达SEA的优化条件为:在对数生长期(OD600约为0.6),一次性添加终浓度为0.5 mmol/L的乳糖诱导6 h。目标蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白质的36.9%,略低于以IPTG为诱导剂时38.1%的表达量。乳糖价格仅为IPTG的1%左右,因此,在SEA的大规模制备中,使用乳糖作为诱导剂可以大大节约成本。     

肠溶包衣乳糖酶纳米微囊的制备及稳定性研究

研制一种在胃和肠液中对乳糖酶具有保护作用的口服制剂。采用复乳法制备了肠溶包衣乳糖酶纳米微囊,对其理化性质进行了评价;研究了制备过程中影响乳糖酶活性的主要因素,并采取了一定的保护策略;对微囊化的乳糖酶在人工胃液和人工肠液中的稳定性进行了考察。结果表明,超声强度越大,活性损失越多;在二氯甲烷中引入乙酸乙酯(体积比为1∶1),复乳化采用高压均质,有利于保护乳糖酶的活性。在内水相添加牛血清白蛋白、聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇400等保护剂,可有效提高乳糖酶的活性。制备的肠溶包衣乳糖酶纳米微囊在人工胃液中2h乳糖酶剩余活性为88.97%,在含胰酶的人工肠液中6h,其活性保留可达95%以上,有望成为乳糖酶口服制剂的有效剂型。     

乳糖诱导基因工程菌产β-葡聚糖酶及其酶学特性的研究

考察了乳糖替代IPTG诱导重组大肠杆菌产β-葡聚糖酶的可行性,分别对乳糖作为诱导剂时的终浓度、诱导时机、诱导时间和温度等方面进行了研究。结果表明,工程菌培养6h（OD600达到0.7左右）后,加入终浓度为10mmol/L的α-乳糖,升温至41℃,诱导6h,酶活可达到830.7U/mL。与IPTG相比,酶活提高2倍左右,发酵周期缩短70%。该酶pH稳定范围较宽,热稳定性良好,在生理温度（70℃左右）下活性高,说明乳糖可以作为基因工程菌的高效诱导剂。     

低乳糖中老年奶粉的研究

对低乳糖中老年奶粉进行了研究,通过实验得出配方（以总量100g计）：蛋白质为大豆分离蛋白2%,乳清浓缩蛋白4%,全乳蛋白质14%;脂肪的添加量为大豆油3.6%,菜籽油4.4%;以及各种营养素的强化量：VA1500～3000IU,VC60～80mg,VE15～20IU,VD400～500IU,VB1750～1000μg,VB2850～1000μg,烟酸700～1000μg,叶酸250～600μg,乳酸锌3～6mg,硫酸亚铁6～10mg,采用酶活力2000NLU/L的乳糖酶,添加量为0.2%,水解时间为4h,乳糖水解率达到90%以上。