基于GMDH算法的配电网线损数据预处理研究

针对当前配电网线损计算的特点及数据存在缺失、异常等情况,基于数据分组处理算法(GMDH)建立了配电网线损缺失数据的预处理模型,实现对线损缺失数据的预处理。模型基于最邻近算法确定因变量和自变量缺失值的上下限,并进行随机插补,建立所有变量的数据分组处理模型,寻找最优复杂度模型,计算缺失值并进行迭代循环。算例结果表明,模型计算结果误差小、运算速度快,对缺失的线损数据能进行有效的动态更新,提升了数据质量,优化线损计算分析结果。     

Efficient tuning of microstructure and surface chemistry of nanocarbon catalysts for ethylbenzene direct dehydrogenation

A facile and scalable approach to efficiently tune microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts through the controlled glucose hydrothermal treatment with diverse parameters and subsequent pyrolysis of pretreated carbonaceous materials with melamine (GHT‐PCM) was presented. Various characterization techniques including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N₂ adsorption desorption (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to investigate the effect of prior GHT on the microstructure and surface chemical properties of N‐doped carbocatalysts, as well as to reveal the relationship between catalyst nature and catalytic performance in oxidant‐ and steam‐free direct dehydrogenation (DDH) of ethylbenzene for styrene production. It was found that the GHT process and its conditions significantly affect microstructure and surface chemical properties of the N‐doped carbocatalysts, which subsequently influences their catalytic performance in DDH reaction dramatically. Interestingly, the prior GHT can remove the carbon nitride layer formed on parent nanocarbon in the process of melamine pyrolysis, produce structural defects, and tune surface element component, through the “detonation” of polysaccharide coating on nanocarbon. The as‐prepared N‐doped CNT (M‐Glu‐CNT) by the established GHT‐PCM approach demonstrates higher catalytic performance (4.6 mmol g^?1h^?1 styrene rate with 98% selectivity) to the common N‐doped CNT (M‐CNT, 3.4 mmol g^?1 h^?1 styrene rate with 98.2% selectivity) as well as to pristine CNT (2.8 mmol g^?1 h^?1 styrene rate with 96.8% selectivity), mainly ascribed to increased structural defects, enriched surface ketonic C?O groups, and improved basic properties from N‐doping on the M‐Glu‐CNT, those strongly depend on GHT conditions. The excellent catalytic performance of the developed M‐Glu‐CNT catalyst endows it with great potential for future clean production of styrene via oxidant‐ and steam‐free conditions. Moreover, the directed GHT‐PCM strategy can be extended to the other N‐doped carbonaceous materials with enhanced catalytic performance in diverse reactions by tuning their microstructure and surface chemistry. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2543–2561, 2015     

Effects and modelling of ultrasonic waste‐activated sludge disintegration

Sonication is a well‐known sludge pretreatment technique with the advantages of simple operation and high efficiency. However, it is an energy‐intensive process. Hence, it is very important to predetermine its sludge disintegration efficiency at varying pretreatment conditions in order to minimize the ultrasonic energy consumption. In this study, it was found that the ultrasonic sludge disintegration occurred in two stages: rapid and subsequent slow disintegration stages. For this reason, it was aimed to develop a simple and accurate mathematical model to describe the two‐stage sludge disintegration as a function of pretreatment conditions. Sludge concentration and ultrasonic density along with sonication period were involved in this model as independent variables. It was determined that the mathematical model can predict accurately the degree of sludge disintegration. Thus, the proposed model was seen to be very useful for evaluating the disintegration efficiency and/or for process design using the operating parameters under different conditions.     

Altering protein conformation to improve fermentative hydrogen production from protein wastewater

One important reason for low hydrogen production from protein wastewater is due to the native folded conformation of protein. In this study the enhancement of bio-hydrogen production from protein wastewater by altering protein conformation via pretreatment was reported. Firstly, the effect of different pretreatment methods (acid, alkali, heat, and ultraviolet) on hydrogen production from synthetic protein wastewater was compared. The hydrogen production from the ultraviolet pretreated wastewater was 111.3 mL/g-protein, which was 3.79-, 3.73-, 3.54-, and 1.36-fold of that from the unpretreated (blank), acid, alkali, and heat pretreated wastewater, respectively. Then, the reasons for ultraviolet pretreatment showing significantly higher hydrogen production than other pretreatments were investigated. It was found that all pretreatments did not cause the cleavage of peptide bond, but the ultraviolet one caused much greater damage of hydrogen bonding networks and unfolding of protein. Thus, during anaerobic fermentation much higher protease activity and protein utilization were observed, which resulted in the bio-hydrogen production being remarkably improved. Further studies indicated that the photo-oxidization of aromatic residues in protein was not the reason for ultraviolet pretreatment remarkably improving bio-hydrogen production. Finally, the application of ultraviolet pretreatment to enhance hydrogen production from real protein wastewater was testified.     

精细化工氯化蔗糖废水站处理工艺改造

某精细化工厂氯化蔗糖废水处理站原处理工艺出水水质不能达到园区接管标准.针对氯化蔗糖废水的水质特点,在充分利用原有处理设施的基础上,对原处理系统进行了改造,增加了预处理和深度处理.介绍了该工程的背景、改造工艺流程、主要处理构筑物设计参数,总结了工程特点.     

Reducing wood drying time by application of ultrasound pretreatment

Industrial wood is typically dried artificially after felling. The drying process is often very lengthy and consumes a large amount of energy, however, and inappropriate drying schedule can cause defects in the wood. Pretreatments such as ultrasound show the potential to reduce wood drying time without impacting quality. This study investigated the influence of ultrasound pretreatment on vacuum drying behavior, hydroxyl content, and microstructural properties of fast-growing wood samples. Pretreatments were performed at ultrasound intensity of 10 W cm^?2 and frequencies of 28 and 40 kHz, respectively, for 30, 60, and 90 min, respectively, then pretreated samples were dried at 40°C temperature under absolute pressure of 0.08 MPa. Results showed that ultrasound pretreatment did shorten the wood vacuum drying time, increase effective water diffusivity, open water channels, decompose wood extractives, and decrease hydroxyl content. In effect, ultrasound pretreatment can be applied to successful reduce wood drying time.     

Effect of High Pressure Pretreatments on Structural and Dehydration Characteristics of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) Cubes

The effect of high-pressure (HP) pretreatments (300–500 MPa for 5–15 min) on dehydration characteristics of aloe vera cubes (AVC), dried at 50–70°C and air velocity of 1–2 m/s, was studied. Pretreatments resulted in higher drying rates, leading to a reduction in drying time compared to untreated ones. The drying rate and drying time were most significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the drying temperature, followed by air velocity, pressure level, and dwell time. HPP enhanced the firmness of AVC with a maximum of up to 21% for the sample treated at 500 MPa for 15 min. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated non-uniform structures in the pretreated and dried AVC samples. Semi-quantitative elemental detection (EDS) confirmed the presence of a considerable amount (14%) of calcium in aloe vera.     

煤直接液化用新型柱撑蒙脱石催化剂研究及展望

基于煤直接液化催化剂的发展现状,提出以蒙脱石作为催化剂载体,选择对煤液化有良好加氢活性的Fe与Cr、Co、Ni等作为活性组分,通过"柱撑"工艺制备适用于煤炭直接液化的新型柱撑蒙脱石催化剂。分析了柱撑蒙脱石催化剂在煤直接液化工艺中的优势,考察了国内外柱撑蒙脱石制备工艺的研究进展,指出了影响柱撑蒙脱石催化活性、热稳定性的关键因素及进一步研究方向。将活性金属组分"柱撑"到蒙脱石层间所得的柱撑蒙脱石催化剂具有优异的催化加氢性能,但是需要在柱撑工艺、催化剂热稳定性、孔径分布调控等方面进一步深入探究。     

小型废(污)水处理站设计应注意的若干问题

针对小型废(污)水处理站的特点,从预处理、生化处理、污泥处理、构筑物布置等方面总结了一些设计经验。预处理工艺设计时,建议加强调节池的搅拌;选择生化处理工艺时,厌氧工艺建议采用ABR工艺,接触氧化工艺的填料建议选用塑料空心球填料以便于挂膜;污泥处理应根据污泥性质,尽量选用干化场或板框压滤机;处理构筑物布置应选择一体化平面布置,高程布置应按照重力流方向依次布置,构筑物之间管道连接、水泵、风机建议统一安装在通行沟内。     

某助剂厂废水处理站提标改造实例

针对助剂厂生产废水原有处理工艺中缺少有效预处理工艺,及生化池处理负荷过低等问题,在充分利用原有处理设施的基础上,结合GB 18918—2012《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准的出水要求,对原处理工艺进行升级改造,完善预处理、强化生化处理、增加深度处理。介绍了该工程的背景、原有工艺及问题、改造措施及特点、新增构筑物设计参数。