A comprehensive review on pretreatment of microalgae for biogas production

Use of microalgal biomass for renewable energy production has gained considerable attention in the world due to increasing global energy demand and negative environmental impacts of nonrenewable fossil fuels. Anaerobic digestion is one of the renewable technologies that microalgal biomass is converted into biogas by anaerobic archea. One of the main drawbacks of using microalgal biomass for biogas production is that certain types of microalgae has rigid cell wall characteristics, which limits accessibility of anaerobic archea to microalgal intracellular organic matter during hydrolysis phase. This limitation lowers efficiency of biogas production from microalgal biomass. However, introducing pretreatment methods prior to anaerobic digestion provides disruption of rigid microalgal cell wall and improve biogas yields from microalgal biomass. The objective of this paper was to review current knowledge related to pretreatment methods applied prior to anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass. Efficiency and applicability of pretreatment methods mainly depend on type of microalgae, cell wall characteristics, and cost and energy requirements during pretreatment process. In this review, various type of pretreatment methods applied to microalgal biomass was discussed in detail with background knowledge and literature studies in their potential on maximization of biogas yields and their cost effectiveness, which is important for large‐scale applications. In the view of current knowledge, it was concluded that each pretreatment method has a relative contribution to improvement in biogas production depending on the type of microalgae. However, energy and cost requirements are the main limitations for pretreatment. So, further studies should focus on reduction of cost and energy demand by introducing combined methods, novel chemicals, and on‐site or immobilized enzymes in pretreatment to increase feasibility of pretreatment prior to anaerobic digestion in industrial scale.     

汽车涂装废水处理技术的研究进展

汽车涂装中产生大量的工业废水，主要包括脱脂废水、磷化废水、电泳废水和喷漆废水等,其典型污染物为重金属离子、表面活性剂、油漆颗粒、磷酸盐等，是一类复杂及难处理的高浓度工业废水。依据废水中所含污染物的不同，对涂装各工序废水进行分质预处理可有效地去除磷酸盐、重金属离子、悬浮固体、油类物质等污染物，有利于减轻后续生物或高级处理单元的负荷，提高整个处理系统的效率。本文综述近年来汽车涂装废水处理方面的研究成果或实践，旨在总结预处理工艺及主体处理工艺的优点及存在的不足，希望为汽车涂装废水处理达标排放及循环回用提供一些借鉴。     

电镀废水中的配位剂及其处理

配位剂是影响电镀废水稳定达标的主要因素之一。指出电镀废水应考虑其中所含配位剂的性质,从源头分类收集,采用氧化、水解、化学沉淀、生物等方法预处理。电镀废水治理的重点是重金属离子,难点是配位剂,关键是分类收集。     

堇青石的二氧化硅涂敷实验研究

本文采用不同的酸对蜂窝式堇青石进行处理,研究酸蚀处理对其组成和孔结构的影响。并以自制的二氧化硅溶胶为第二载体对酸处理后的堇青石进行涂敷。采用XRD、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM等手段对二氧化硅进行表征。结果表明:酸蚀处理并不改变堇青石的晶相结构;经酸处理后的堇青石其比表面积有不同程度的增加;而经二氧化硅涂敷后的堇青石比表面积可达93.35m2/g。     

金属涂装硅烷前处理技术的研究进展

评述了金属涂装硅烷前处理技术的研究进展,对其成膜与防腐机理、工艺方法以及硅烷产品的改性做了详细的介绍。新型硅烷锆盐复合产品能够显著提高纳米膜层的耐蚀性,硅烷产品与高泳透力电泳涂料配套使用能够保证涂层的性能,硅烷产品稳定性的提高使其在工业生产中得到广泛应用。     

不锈钢涂装前处理工艺实践

不锈钢设备长时间在腐蚀性介质环境中运行,表面会出现腐蚀,需要进行涂装防护。但不锈钢表面光滑,涂料对其附着力差、防护能力弱,探索了不锈钢涂装的前处理工艺。实验发现,除油处理并不能完全解决漆膜的附着力问题,除油后增加酸洗工序,可以有效提高漆膜的附着力,增强漆膜对不锈钢基材的防护能力,经有机酸处理后漆膜的附着性能及防护性能最强,附着力达到0级。     

测量数据的分析与处理软件设计

介绍了采用LabWindows/CVI软件平台开发离线测量数据分析处理软件的设计方法。软件实现了对数据的读取与预处理，波形的显示与调节，信号的参数测量以及对频谱、功率谱和谐波失真进行了分析，利用多线程技术实现了软件的多任务同步进行。实验结果表明软件的分析结果正确，界面友好，性能可靠。     

烧碱预处理对莫代尔织物数码印花的影响

研究聚焦于100%莫代尔织物的预处理,以及随后的数码印花中烧碱(NaOH)对印花质量,即印花深度、印花亮度和织物实用价值的影响。结果显示烧碱对织物的外观和舒适度有总体影响。研究还给出了莫代尔织物预处理中烧碱的最优用量。