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981.
The present investigation describes the quantitative measurement of surface functional groups present on commercially available different PAN based carbon fibers, their effect on the development of interface with resol-type phenol formaldehyde resin matrix and its effect on the physico-mechanical properties of carbon-carbon composites at various stages of heat treatment. An ESCA study of the carbon fibers has revealed that high strength (ST-3) carbon fibers possess almost 10% reactive functional groups as compared to 5.5 and 4.5% in case of intermediate modulus (IM-500) and high modulus (HM-45) carbon fibers, respectively. As a result, ST-3 carbon fibers are in a position to make strong interactions with phenolic resin matrix and HM-45 carbon fibers make weak interactions, while IM-500 carbon fibers make intermediate interactions. This observation is also confirmed from the pyrolysis data (volume shrinkage) of the composites. Bulk density and kerosene density more or less increase in all the composites with heat treatment up to 2600 °C. It is further observed that bulk density is minimum and kerosene density is maximum upon heat treatment at 2600 °C in case of ST-3 based composites compared to HM-45 and IM-500 composites. It has been found for the first time that the deflection temperature (temperature at which the properties of the material start to decrease or increase) of flexural strength as well as interlaminar shear strength is different for the three composites (A, B and C) and is determined by the severity of interactions established at the polymer stage. Above this temperature, flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength increase in all the composites up to 2600 °C. The maximum value of flexural strength at 2600 °C is obtained for HM-45 composites and that of ILSS for ST-3 composites. 相似文献
982.
983.
Shoei-Chin Wu 《Polymer》2004,45(3):733-738
The crystallization characterization of bulk syndiothactic polystyrene (s-PS) sample is thoroughly studied using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The WAXD is further used to identify the s-PS crystal formation to confirm the specific absorbance in FTIR spectra. Both melt and cold-crystallization behavior are quantitatively determined using FTIR spectra ranging from 870 to 820 cm−1 at 264 °C. Fitting curves to IR spectra provides direct evidence of bulk s-PS crystallization behavior in quantification. The melt-crystallization process yields the β-form only; while the cold-crystallization process yields both the α and the β-form crystal in bulk s-PS sample. The β-form crystal is generated from the phase-transformation of the α-form crystal by cold-crystallization process, the α-form crystal is the initial phase. The activity energy of the α-form formation is lower that that of the β-form, suggesting that the α-form crystal is kinetically favorable while the β-form crystal is thermodynamically favorable. 相似文献
984.
985.
Water-soluble amino acid derivatives of gadolinium (Gd) endohedral metallofullerenes (AAD-EMFs), Gd@C82Om(OH)n(NHCH2CH2COOH)l (m ≈ 6, n ≈ 16 and l ≈ 8) are synthesized by a direct reaction of the pure endohedral metallofullerene Gd@C82 with an excess of alkaline solution of β-alanine. The structure of the AAD-EMFs is characterized by FTIR, XPS and laser-desorption time-of-flight (LD-TOF) mass spectrometries. Water proton relaxivity analysis indicates that the longitudinal relaxivity R1 (the effect on 1/T1, 9.1 mM−1 s−1) of AAD-EMFs is higher than that of the commercial MRI contrast agent, Magnevist (gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, Gd-DTPA, 5.6 mM−1 s−1). The MRI phantom studies are performed to confirm the high efficiency of this sample as MRI contrast agents. 相似文献
986.
987.
A 5 wt% CoOx/TiO2 catalyst has been used to study the effect of calcination temperature on the activity of this catalyst for CO oxidation at 100 °C under a net oxidizing condition in a continuous flow type fixed-bed reactor system, and the catalyst samples have been characterized using TPD, XPS and XRD measurements. The catalyst after calcination at 450 °C gave highest activity for this low-temperature CO oxidation, and XPS measurements yielded that a 780.2-eV Co 2p3/2 main peak appeared with this catalyst sample and this binding energy was similar to that measured with pure Co3O4. After calcination at 570 °C, the catalyst, which had possessed practically no activity in the oxidation reaction, gave a Co 2p3/2 main structure peak at 781.3 eV which was very similar to those obtained for synthesized ConTiOn+2 compounds (CoTiO3 and Co2TiO4), and this catalyst sample had relatively negligible CO chemisorption as observed by TPD spectra. XRD peaks indicating only the formation of Co3O4 particles on titania surface were developed in the catalyst samples after calcination at temperatures ≥350 °C. Based on these characterization results, five types of Co species could be modeled to exist with the catalyst calcined at different temperatures. Among these surface Co species, the Type A clean Co3O4 particles were predominant on a sample of the catalyst after calcination at 450 °C and highly active for CO oxidation at 100 °C, and the calcination at 570 °C gave the Type B Co3O4 particles with complete ConTiOn+2 overlayers inactive for this oxidation reaction. 相似文献
988.
Sol–gel route is an emerging technology to synthesize coatings of a wide variety of properties taylored. In this work three low temperature cured coatings has been studied to evaluate their protective properties in order to be used as protective barrier coatings for aluminium alloys with potential architectural and automotive applications. These three coatings are novel modified silane nanocomposites coatings obtained mixing two sols separately prepared: a pre-hydrolysed 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTS) with acidic catalyst and another obtained from tetraethylorthosilicate/methyltriethoxysilane (TEOS/MTES). Particulated coatings were obtained by addition of 25 wt.% particles of Aerosil 300 and Aerosil R972, respectively. The protective properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which showed notably differences among them not only from the protective viewpoint but the hydrophobic nature of the coatings and the controlling corrosion mechanism in each case. 相似文献
989.
Robert R LuiseBryan B Sauer 《Polymer》2003,44(4):1095-1101
Wholly aromatic thermotropic main chain liquid crystalline copolymers (LCPs) with varying glass transitions (Tg) were tested for wear resistance, particularly under high friction conditions, where surface temperatures can rise. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and DSC were used to characterize molecular relaxations. Three copolyester LCPs which all contain a substantial fraction of main chain 1,4-phenyl groups were chosen for this study. These included semi-crystalline Vectra® A900, a semi-crystalline LCP containing phenyl hydroquinone (phHQ-LCP), and a low crystallinity LCP containing t-butyl substituted hydroquinone (t-butylLCP). These have glass transitions of 100, 160 and 175 °C, respectively, and heat deflection temperatures (HDTs) of 170, 260 and 174 °C, respectively. HDT is dependent in part on crystallinity. The wear performance was found to depend mainly on Tg and not HDT, suggesting a microscopic failure mechanism related to the amorphous phase. This is supported by the relatively poor elevated temperature wear performance of Vectra® compared to the higher Tg LCPs. Shear strength measurements on the neat LCP resins did not correlate with wear properties of the blends, most likely because the measurements were made at room temperature and not elevated temperatures. 相似文献
990.
During the preparation of alumina as a catalyst support from aluminium nitrates by precipitation with a NH4OH base, NO
2
⋅
radicals have been formed in the catalyst after calcination under air in the solid at different temperatures. These radicals
remained stable until a calcination temperature of 800°C. When the calcined catalyst was degassed under vacuum above 300 °C,
the NO
2
⋅
was reduced to give NO⋅ and O- species which were both tightly trapped in the solid. These latter species remained stable until vacuum treatment at 800
°C.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献