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71.
渭河流域水利水保措施减水减沙效益初步分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
截止1989年底,渭河流域共有水库361座,塘坝2666座,引水有效灌溉面积40.4万公顷,治理总面积8136km~2,治理度17.1%。以1970年为效益计算起始年,并将全流域划分为18个片,分别采用水文法和水保法计算1970~1989年间各项水利水保措施减水减沙量及综合减水减沙效益。水文法算得的综合减水效益为24.1%,减沙效益为30.6%;水保法算得的结果相应为29.9%和30.8%,两者相近。 相似文献
72.
利用双套环法对长江中上游水土流失严重区的50个县(市)进行原他测试,对其典型土壤的稳渗速率及其影响因素进行了分析研究。结果表明:土壤稳渗速率在长江中上游地区呈现规律性的地域分异,四川盆地以及毕节地区是稳渗速率高值区,陕南和陇南地区、三峡库区以及丹江口库区足稳渗速率一般区,金沙江下游地区以及湘东赣南红壤丘陵区是稳渗速率低值区;上壤稳渗速率随土类发生有规律变化,黄壤系列土类最大,然后是石灰土、紫色土,红壤系列土类稳渗速率最小;土壤稳渗速率与质量密度呈负相关关系,与孔隙度、大于0.25mm风干土水稳性团粒含量、有机质含量以及粉/粘呈正相关关系。 相似文献
73.
Annual growth increments were calculated for blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) from the lower Mississippi River (LMR) to assess hypothesized relationships between fish growth and floodplain inundation as predicted by the Flood‐Pulse Concept. Variation in catfish growth increment was high for all age classes of both species, and growth increments were not consistently related to various measures of floodplain inundation. However, relationships became stronger, and usually direct, when water temperature was integrated with area and duration of floodplain inundation. Relationships were significant for four of six age classes for blue catfish, a species known to utilize floodplain habitats. Though similar in direction, relationships were weaker for flathead catfish, which is considered a more riverine species. Our results indicate the Flood‐Pulse Concept applies more strongly to temperate floodplain‐river ecosystems when thermal aspects of flood pulses are considered. We recommend that future management of the LMR should consider ways to ‘recouple’ the annual flood and thermal cycles. An adaptive management approach will allow further determination of important processes affecting fisheries production in the LMR. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
74.
介绍了新型埽工——笼埽的结构形式、施工方法,其优点为:(1)克服传统埽工施工工序复杂、速度慢、效率低的缺点;(2)笼埽可工厂化生产,减少现场作业工序和作业面后移;(3)充分利用大型施工机械进行大体积单个笼埽结合机械化施工,作埽速度快、强度高;(4)减少柳料用量,利于环境保护.结合在兰考蔡集控导工程水中进占工程中的应用,从施工准备、机械配合与人员安排及施工流程等方面对笼埽施工技术作进一步说明,并总结了施工注意事项.最后,进行了效益评价并提出了扩大技术应用范围和进行水槽实验的完善思路. 相似文献
75.
中国泥沙研究的几个问题 总被引:21,自引:4,他引:17
几千年来泥沙一直是中国河流治理和灾害防治中的难题。众所周知,黄河频繁的迁徙和洪水灾害就是泥沙淤积的结果。中国学者在黄河治理和土壤侵蚀、水库淤积、河口海岸泥沙漂移、泥石流灾害防治等方面进行了大量研究工作,促进了学科发展,取得了举世瞩目的成就。本文概述这些泥沙问题、治理方略和研究成果。在21世纪,泥沙研究将面临新的挑战。泥沙理论研究方面,非恒定流输沙、环境泥沙学、生态泥沙学和经济泥沙学将成为新的生长点。为了检阅现有泥沙理论和研究方法,国家大量投资对三峡工程建设中和建设后的泥沙运动和沉积规律进行大规模的测量。中国的泥沙研究将有一个新的飞跃。 相似文献
76.
健康黄河的内涵及其指标 总被引:18,自引:4,他引:14
本文从河流的自然和社会属性角度,基于健康河流的概念阐述了河流生命、河流健康的科学内涵,认为河流健康是人们对河流生命存在状态的描述,健康的河流是河流的社会功能与自然功能能够取得平衡的河流。河流的健康应包括连续的河川径流、通畅安全的水沙通道、良好的水质、良性运行的河流生态系统和一定的供水能力。利用黄河1956~2004年实测资料,论证了表征健康黄河标志的低限流量、河道最大排洪能力、平滩流量、滩地横比降、水质类别、湿地规模、水生生物、供水能力等指示因子的阈值范围。 相似文献
77.
H. Capart T. I. Eldho S. Y. Huang D. L. Young Y. Zech 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,129(5):385-393
A method is proposed for the treatment of irregular bathymetry in one-dimensional finite volume computations of open-channel flow. The strategy adopted is based on a reformulation of the Saint-Venant equations. In contrast with the usual treatment of topography effects as source terms, the method accounts for slope and nonprismaticity by modifying the momentum flux. This makes it possible to precisely balance the hydrostatic pressure contributions associated with variations in valley geometry. The characteristic method is applied to the revised equations, yielding topographic corrections to the numerical fluxes of an upwind scheme. Further adaptations endow the scheme with an ability to capture transcritical sections and wetting fronts in channels of abrupt topography. To test the approach, the scheme is first applied to idealized benchmark problems. The method is then used to route a severe flood through a complex river system: the Tanshui in Northern Taiwan. Computational results compare favorably with gauge records. Discrepancies in water stage represent no more than a fraction of the magnitude of typical bathymetry variations. 相似文献
78.
NI Jinren LIU Xiaoyong LI Tianhong ZHAO Ye’an & JIN Ling . Department of Environmental Engineering Peking University The Key Laboratory of Water Sedi- ment Sciences Ministry of Education Beijing China . General Institute of Water Resources Hydropower Planning Design Ministry of Water Re- sources Beijing China . The Yellow River Conservancy Commission Zhengzhou China 《中国科学E辑(英文版)》2004,47(Z1)
1IntroductionIntheriversystemwithsediment-ladenflow,WaterUseforSedimentTransport(WUST)isaveryimportantcomponentofecologicalwaterdemands,whichmaintainfundamentalfunctionofallecosystemcomponentsataspecificlevelofcondition[1].EnoughWUSTisthepremisetokeepthestableriver-bedandhealthyriverecosystem;alsoitisthebaseflowofriverfortheexploitationofwaterresources.Comparingwithotherrespectsrelatedwithwaterdemandsofriverecosystemsuchastheminimumflowforfishesorripariantrees,researchesontheWUSTarequite… 相似文献
79.
The lower Colorado River from Laughlin, Nevada, to the border with Mexico is one of the most regulated rivers in North America. An analysis of particulate organic matter (POM) transport through the system was made to determine POM concentrations, composition and point of origin, as well as to determine the effect dams had on this transport. Particulate organic matter concentrations generally increased from upstream to downstream, and were dominated by very fine organic detritus (< 25μm size fraction). Reservoirs released more POM than they received during spring and summer, but less during autumn and winter. Reservoirs recycled POM, taking in organic detritus and discharging small limnoplankton. Backwater complexes functioned as filters during storm events, trapping coarse material and releasing fine material. Agricultural drains made only minor contributions of POM, but provided important nutrients for in-channel production of POM. Water diversions forced POM off-channel, whereas sluicing operations reduced inorganic loads in the canals. Despite the presence of six mainstem dams, the lower reaches support a diverse assemblage of detritivorous fishes, similar to that found in the lowermost reaches of natural, unregulated rivers. The food base for this fishery stems from autochthonous production of POM. 相似文献
80.
Digital Yellow River Model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Soil erosion is one of the key concerns in land use management for the Loess Plateau of the Yellow River, where serious soil loss is the root cause of environmental and ecological degradation of the basin. In this paper, a physically-based, distributed-parameter, and continuous erosion prediction model at the river basin scale was developed with the aim of assisting in developing better land use management strategies. The framework, the major supporting techniques, and the typical erosion processes are described. The physical processes of sediment yield and transport in the Loess Plateau are divided into three sub-processes, including the runoff and sediment yield on hillslopes, gravitational erosion in gullies, and hyperconcentrated flow routing in channels. For each sub-process, a physically-based simulation model was developed and embedded into the whole model system. The model system was applied to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in several typical years in the coarse sediment source area of the Loess Plateau, and the simulated results were in reasonably good agreement with the measured values. 相似文献