单元嵌套网格产汇流理论

凭借"大数据"可以精细刻画降雨空间分布和下垫面空间变异性的优势,提出了"大数据"背景下考虑降雨空间分布和下垫面空间变异性对流域产汇流影响的计算方法,即单元嵌套网格剖分流域的方法。通过引入"网格水滴"的概念揭示了流域瞬时单位线的物理本质,对由RodriguezIturbe和Valdes所提出R-V地貌瞬时单位线理论进行补充,分析了等流时线法和单位线法的局限性,提出的单元嵌套网格产汇理论既克服了等流时线法和单位线法的缺点,也吸取了它们的优点,为在"大数据"支撑下统一等流时线和单位线法提供了可行性。     

Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France)

A two-year study of pollutants in both the stormwater and wastewater of urban watersheds has been conducted in Nantes (France). The present paper discusses the characteristics of pollutants transported by stormwater and wastewater collection networks in two urban watersheds. A physicochemical characterisation of the effluents was performed, along with an estimation of pollutant fluxes discharged into the Gohards River. Suspended solids (SS), trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides were studied. SS, Zn, Cu and glyphosate were the main pollutants in stormwater and wastewater. In the watersheds examined, the pyrolitic origin of PAHs (mainly from traffic) was determined through ratios, with fluoranthene and pyrene being predominant. Despite a reduction in the use of pesticides in Nantes Metropolitan area, herbicides containing glyphosate were still detected in stormwater. It should be noted that this herbicide is widely used by homeowners, a fact that may explain its occurrence in stormwater.     

Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments from the Coquimbo region (Chile): Effects of Sustained Mining and Natural Processes in a Semi-arid Andean Basin

Abstract.   Active sediments from the Elqui River in Chile were sampled 4 times at 10 sites during 2000. Concentrations of Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and S were normal. Zinc levels were clearly high, and those of Cu (hundred to thousands ppm) and As (tens to hundreds ppm) were highly anomalous. Dissolved Cu (0.1-12.7 ppm) and Zn (0.2-2.2 ppm) levels were also very high. The anomalies of the upper tributaries are due to the El Indio–Tambo Au-Cu-As district and large hydrothermal alteration zones at altitudes between 3500–4500 m. Lower on the river, old and active tailing waste deposits and on-going mining operations in the Talcuna Cu (Pb) district are responsible. Partially eroded tailing deposits in the alluvial plain of the Elqui River and its tributaries, and especially in the El Indio-Tambo district, after mine closure in 2000, warrant special attention.     

子流域划分对HSPF模型径流模拟效果的影响

在水文水质模拟过程中,子流域划分数量直接影响模拟结果的精确度,确定最佳子流域划分方案对提高模拟精确度至关重要。基于PEST-HSPF模型,以中河流域为例,在相同参数及不同参数条件下,采用PEST自动校准方法,判断子流域划分数量对流量模拟精确度的影响。结果表明,在相同水文参数下,子流域划分数量变化时,模拟流量的纳什系数(NSE)和可决系数(R2)在0.65~0.78之间波动,其中子流域划分数量在10~20之间对模拟结果的精确度影响最大;在不同水文参数下,径流模拟结果的NSE与R2随子流域划分数量的增加先增大后减小,相对误差(RE)在子流域划分数量介于1~10之间时急剧下降后趋于稳定;子流域划分对HSPF水文模拟效果影响显著,表现出阈值效应,当划分数量超出阈值范围时,径流模拟精度均会受到很大影响。     

坝头单薄分水岭边坡支护方案探讨

大坝两岸单薄分水岭条形山体边坡支护对水库大坝安全运行起到重要意义,对此,阐述惠州抽水蓄能电站上水库单薄分水岭边坡支护采用钢筋砼框架锚杆加干砌石护坡面的处理措施.     

集中入流滞时演进型流域地貌汇流模型

在Ｓｔｒａｈｌｅｒ河流分级法的基础上，提出了单元级别的确定原则，并进一步定义了概念性流域地貌汇流模型．为了将河道洪水演算方法移置到流域汇流模型中，还定义了“滞时演进河段”这一新的概念性元素．推导了三级流域瞬时单位线，选用内罚函数法估计模型参数，实例检验，模型拟合精度较高．     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境规划的生态学途径--以陕北枣子沟小流域为例

试图将生态规划方法应用于黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的研究中．首先从区域背景和调研资料入手，运用德尔菲法筛选了对人居环境建设影响较大的限制因子，通过层次分析法、地图叠加法对陕北枣子沟流域自然生态系统进行了生态敏感性分析和生态适宜度评价．在量化分析的基础上建立了小流域尺度下“生态优先”的生态安全格局和流域发展用地功能分区．分别从生态化、集约化和专业化的角度就人居环境、土地利用和产业布局提出了规划构想．     

分水岭算法在重叠细胞图象分割中的应用

分水岭算法是一种广泛使用的分割方法,将其用于细胞图象分割可以克服由于细胞交叠造成的图象分析困难,但缺陷在于它的过分割结果。本文给出一种针对分水岭过分割问题的解决方案,引入灰度差值图的概念,提出一种基于灰度差值图和距离图的变换,将变换结果作为分水岭算法的输入图象;最后对需要存在过分割的区域根据区域灰度性质合并过分割区域。     

浮选泡沫图象边缘检测方法的研究

针对工业现场实时采集的浮选泡沫图象 ,提出了泡沫边缘探索法和分水岭 Flooding方法分割图象 .阐述了泡沫边缘探索法算法流程 ,并给出了分水岭的定义和 Flooding方法的伪 C算法 .最后 ,分析和比较两种方法的试验结果 .结果表明泡沫边缘检测方法和分水岭 Flooding方法都达到了工业中应用的程度     

黄土高塬沟壑区水土保持对小流域地表径流的影响

水土保持对径流的作用是水土流失治理中一个亟待回答的实际问题．本文用小流域平行对比观测法，分析了黄土高塬沟壑区水土保持对小流域地表径流的数量及其时间分布特征的影响，表明在黄土高塬沟壑区，水土保持能使小流域产洪次数减少、地表径流模数和径流系数减小；使小流域地表径流模数的年际变率增大；在洪水产流过程中，水土保持使流域产流起始时间滞后，径流持续时间缩短，瞬时流量及洪峰流量降低以至消失