Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in the fertilizers, China

The use of large quantities of chemical fertilizers is usually associated with environmental problems. A lot of work has been done on the concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides in chemical fertilizers, but little work has focused on the occurrence of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). In this study the occurrence of 43 SVOCs listed as priority pollutants in 22 widely used-fertilizers of China was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Twenty-six SVOCs were detected with different detection frequencies and concentrations. The most abundant compounds were phthalic acid esters (PAEs; ranging from 1.17 to 2795 microg kg(-1) dry weight, d.w.) and nitroaromatics (up to 9765 microg kg(-1) d.w.), followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; <140 microg kg(-1) d.w.) and halogenated hydrocarbons (<900 microg kg(-1) d.w.). Chlorobenzenes and haloethers occurred generally at low concentrations. There are large variations in concentrations of various compounds in different fertilizers, and the total concentrations of each class of contaminants varied widely, too. The highest levels of sum concentration for 16 PAHs, for 6 PAEs and for nitroaromatics were found in organic fertilizer containing pesticide and soil amendments. Concentrations of SVOCs in coated fertilizers (the controlled release fertilizer with coating) were considerably higher than those in the corresponding fertilizers without coating. The occurrence frequencies of SVOCs in the straight fertilizers (containing only one of the major plant nutrients) were lower than in the other fertilizers.     

空调房间的空气品质及其控制研究

以典型的空调房间为例,分析了新风和回风对室内空气品质的影响。研究表明室内污染源的不断增加 是室内空气品质恶化的主要原因,新风的质量直接影响室内空气品质,回风是室内空气的二次污染源。导出了新 风和回风对室内空气污染的理论计算公式,通过仿真表明：基于室内空气中典型的有害气体体积分数（以CO２为 代表）的变化来控制新风量,是非常有效的。     

非饱和土中溶混污染物运移模型及特征线有限元法

提出了一个非饱和土中溶混污染物输运过程的数值模拟框架。输运过程数学模型包含了包括物理和化学非平衡过程的如下控制现象:对流,机械逸散,分子弥散,平衡与非平衡吸附,不流动水效应和蜕变。发展了基于特征线Galerkin 离散化的有限元方法和相应的隐式算法以数值求解模型控制方程的边值初值问题。隐式算法基于算子分离过程及在Lagrange 座标下精细积分过程与传统数值积分过程的结合。数值例题结果和稳定性分析验证了本文模型及其数值方法的有效性,计算精度和稳定性     

封存CO2裹挟可挥发性污染物的迁移模型分析

为了研究封存CO₂注入过程可挥发性污染物的释放和迁移特性,本文建立了CO₂-水-残余油多相流驱替过程中的污染物迁移模型。采用数学模拟方法分析了多相驱替过程和污染物迁移过程,并研究了相间传质特性、初始油相分布和CO₂注入速率等对污染物迁移过程的影响。研究表明:CO₂驱替过程将促使可挥发污染物进入CO₂相并随之在地层中迁移,逐渐形成相间传质区域。相间传质区域的演化反映了污染物释放和CO₂裹挟污染物迁移的特性。可挥发污染物的传质系数越大,相间传质区域越窄,油相饱和度衰减越快;油相初始饱和度较大时,其饱和度衰减相对缓慢,对应的相间传质区域也较窄。当CO₂注入速率增大时,相间传质区域增大,油相饱和度衰减变快。本文模型可用于不同地质储层环境下封存CO₂时可挥发性污染物的迁移特性分析,并用于封存CO₂的风险分析与评价。     

用新式地层取样测试器测试纯油气层产能

全储层取样测试器和生产井分层取样测试器是用于油气裸眼勘探井和生产井的自动化数字化大型新式地层测试仪器.选择性封隔地层是这2种仪器的特色之一,通过选择性封隔地层进行预测试,获取完整的不稳定试井曲线,可测得每个小层的地层静止压力、有效渗透率、污染系数等动态特性参数.特色之二是仪器也可进行产能测试程序,测试多个流量下其对应的稳定地层流动压力,同时可获取地层流体真实样品,能够实时定量测试各小层在不同地层流动压力下的流体相态、流体成份和各流体体积流量,提前完成油气层产量定量测试.特色之三是和普通试井相比,测试所需时间非常短,且操作简单,可节约大量油气资源,加快油气勘探.仪器的这些特性使得仪器非常适用于对地层进行精细描述.介绍了用这种仪器进行纯油层和气层井下快速实测产能的方法及原理.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术在燃煤电厂及土壤污染物在线检测中的应用研究

介绍了自主研发的激光诱导击穿光强技术（LIBS）煤质在线检测设备,可完成自动取样并带有自清洁系统,能实时对电厂输煤管道中煤粉的C、Ca、Mg、Ti、Si、H、Al、Fe、S等元素进行自动定量分析并转化为工业分析（发热量和灰分）结果。提出了飞灰含碳量在线检测成套方案并研制了自动采样及LIBS检测装置,建立了去除C线中Fe线的数学方法,利用二阶多元非线性逆回归模型建立了定标方程来校正基底效应,获得了0.26%的C元素测量精度。开发了便携式LIBS设备用于土壤污染物的现场检测,可对土壤中的重金属污染物进行快速的定性分析。     

暴露限值法评估广西食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的暴露风险

目的评估广西食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1的暴露风险。方法结合广西植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1污染状况和人群消费量的调查结果,应用暴露限值(margin of exposure,MOE)法对植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1膳食暴露情况进行分析。结果此次调查中植物油样品黄曲霉毒素B_1含量范围为0.50~320.00μg/kg。其中,花生油的检出率为78.08%(114/146),远高于其他植物油,超标率为31.51%(46/146),平均含量为30.80μg/kg,人群日膳食暴露量为17.30 ng/kg BW,MOE值为18。定型包装花生油中黄曲霉毒素B_1平均含量为6.33μg/kg,低于国家安全标准,处于安全范围;而散装花生油黄曲霉毒素B_1平均为41.50μg/kg,含量高出国家标准1.08倍,人群日膳食暴露量25.59 ng/kg BW,MOE值为12,是定型包装的MOE值的1/8。结论对于散装花生油应优先采取风险管理措施,加大监管力度,并做好人群健康饮食习惯指导。     

Quantification of ethyl carbamate in cachaça produced in different agro‐industrial production systems

Popularly known by various names such as caninha, dangerous, drips, damned and many other denominations, cachaça is the genuine Brazilian drink, produced by the fermentation of sugarcane juice by yeast, followed by distillation in alambics. Considering that cachaça is the most widely consumed distilled beverage from Brazil, the knowledge of the chemical composition and the presence of potentially toxic compounds such as ethyl carbamate, considered a human carcinogen, is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different conditions of the agro‐industrial cachaça production systems, including the variety of sugarcane, on the quantification of ethyl carbamate through the chromatographic. Thirteen unaged beverage samples, produced from different varieties of sugarcane, were analysed. Using analysis of variance and comparison of average concentrations of ethyl carbamate (Scott–Knott, α = 5%), all of the samples were found to contain contaminant levels below the ceiling established by the legislation, which is 210 µg L^?1. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

洁净系统中激光诱导颗粒污染物的分析与评估

高功率激光系统要求在洁净环境中运行,若光学元件表面在工作过程中附着污染物,将导致光学元件的损伤及整个系统负载能力的下降。针对洁净系统中激光与材料作用而产生的颗粒物,分析其作用机制,探讨用于评估的理论依据,讨论测量的需求和方法,并对系统表面存在的颗粒污染物进行了实际测量分析,提出了深入开展高功率激光系统中颗粒污染物测量与评估的技术途径。     

基于磁电阻率法和频率域电磁法的地下水污染动态监测仿真

本文对磁电阻率法与频率域电磁法在地下水污染监测中的应用进行了理论研究.以污染物位于地表的均匀介质模型为例,根据污染物扩散的水文地质动态仿真结果,计算出与各监测时刻对应的地下水污染地电模型.通过各地电模型的二维磁电阻率法正演模拟结果以及一维频率域电磁法的反演结果,验证了这两种地球物理方法在地下水污染物运移监测中的有效性.