东江河流生态评价及其修复方略

本文通过对大型无脊椎底栖动物状况的调查对东江河流水生态状况进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了生态修复方略。从上游到河口选12个点采集底栖动物样本,发现东江流域底栖动物生物多样性在上游和中游保持在较高水平,而到下游则迅速降低到零。对增江湾、西枝江牛轭湖等处的取样进行分析并探讨改善东江生态的方法。针对不同生态应力提出了3种生态修复方略:1.创造多样性的生物栖息地,开发和形成一系列类似增江湾那样的缓流滞流区,把已经隔离的牛轭湖和江边湖泊湿地重新与江水连通;2.调整大坝运用方式,采取大坝泄放的流量逐渐增加和减少的方式,给生物发出流速增大和降低的信号,使其得以准备和躲避;3.稳定岸坡、控制侵蚀、保护和发育河边植被。     

黄河下游稳定主槽之节点整治

稳定主槽是当前黄河下游河道治理的关键。窄深河槽具有很强的泄洪能力与输沙能力,是主槽整治追求的目标。黄河下游均是顺直微弯河道,河道水流最基本的主导机理是沿着阻力最小的方向流动,走直路、走近路,主槽整治设计流路应以顺直为上策。当前有必要对微弯整治方案进行再认识,实现对其否定之否定的提高。控制性弯道整治、对口丁坝整治、节点整治都属于双岸整治的范畴,对双岸整治的方向应予肯定。今后的整治应从微弯整治向节点整治发展,逐步过渡到以节点整治为主,最终达到稳定河势流路、高效排洪输沙之目的。     

黄河2007年汛前调水调沙生产运行分析

对黄河2007年调水调沙生产运行情况进行了分析,结果表明:本次调水调沙取得了下游河槽全线冲刷、主河槽最小平滩流量由调水调沙前的3 500 m3/s增大到3 630 m3/s和人工塑造异重流成功等良好效果。取得的主要收获有:①进一步积累了人工塑造异重流的经验;②加深了对下游河道水沙演进规律的认识;③为河道整治工程设计提供了原型观测数据;④再次证明调水调沙作为扩大下游河道排洪能力、处理黄河泥沙、维持黄河健康生命的措施之一是行之有效的。     

Sediment chemistry and nutrient influx in a hydrologically restored bottomland hardwood forest in Midwestern USA

Exchanges of total N and C between a river and its floodplain forest have been enhanced by sedimentation processes during flood pulses at a 5‐ha bottomland hardwood forest located at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. In the spring of 2000, the forest was hydrologically restored by notching an artificial levee that had separated the Olentangy River and its floodplain forest for 100 years. One‐hundred flat sediment traps (30 cm × 30 cm) were used to collect sediment samples during spring/summer flooding events from 2003 to 2005. Results showed that sediment deposition is determined by the landscape variability during flooding events, Net sediment deposit in the wettest area averaged 134 ± 12 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2003, 127 ± 17 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2004 and 149 ± 23 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2005. Total N and C sedimentation ranged from 0.49 to 0.92 g‐N m^?2 and 5.2 to 19.9 g‐C m^?2. Fe dominates the sediment chemistry and results show the elemental abundance in the order of Al > Fe > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Na > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Mo. A hydrologic pulsing index (HPI) could be used as an indicator for mass changes of energies with hydrologic pulsing events. Restoration of seasonally flooded bottomland forests could stimulate potentially large nutrient and Fe releases, which would eventually lead to an enhanced forest productivity and biodiversity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

First steps in developing a multimetric macroinvertebrate index for the Ohio River

The causes of degradation of aquatic systems are often complex and stem from a variety of human influences. Comprehensive, multimetric biological indices have been developed to quantify this degradation and its effect on aquatic communities, and measure subsequent recovery from anthropogenic stressors. Traditionally, such indices have concentrated on small‐to medium‐sized streams. Recently, however, the Ohio River Fish Index (ORFIn) was created to assess biotic integrity in the Ohio River. The goal of the present project was to begin developing a companion Ohio River multimetric index using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hester–Dendy multiplate samplers were used to evaluate benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to a gradient of water quality disturbance, represented by varying distances downstream of industrial and municipal wastewater outfalls in the Ohio River. In August 1999 and 2000, samplers were set every 100 m downstream of outfalls (12 outfalls in 1999, 22 in 2000) for 300–1000 m, as well as at upstream reference sites. Candidate metrics (n = 55) were examined to determine which have potential to detect changes in water quality downstream of outfalls. These individual measures of community structure were plotted against distance downstream of each outfall to determine their response to water quality disturbance. Values at reference and outfall sites were also compared. Metrics that are ecologically relevant and showed a response to outfall disturbance were identified as potentially valuable in a multimetric index. Multiple box plots of index scores indicated greater response to outfall disturbance during periods of low‐flow, and longitudinal river‐wide trends. Evaluation of other types of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as continued analysis of the effects of chemical water quality on macroinvertebrate communities in future years will facilitate further development of a multimetric benthic macroinvertebrate index to evaluate biotic integrity in the Ohio River. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河下游滩区居民对安全的心理需求

黄河下游滩区居民对自身安全的需求非常强烈，具体表现在以下3个方面：对房屋采取垫高房台等安全措施，出于安全的原因愿意搬离现居住地，较高生育率与偏好男孩。他们建立在安全需求上的相应行为，增大了生活成本，影响着他们生存发展的空间，进而制约着滩区社会经济的发展。     

1960年以来渭河下游河道的自动调整作用

1960年以来，渭河下游河道来水来沙条件和边界条件都发生了较大的变化，河道纵横剖面形态针对这些变化进行了相应的调整，通过分析河相关系、主槽面积、河底高程以及弯曲系数的调整规律，对渭河下游河道的自动调整作用进行了研究。     

水利规划生态适宜性研究

选择生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水资源指数、土地退化指数、污染负荷指数5类基本因子，组成生态适宜性评价指标，评价值在0．067-1．500之间变化，对结果进行再处理、聚类，划分毗河供水规划的生态适宜分区。结合区域生态、环境特征和要求，对水利规划作出相应的调整。毗河供水规划整体布局较合理，大型建设项目未处于生态需特别保护的区域。各水库农业灌溉的同时，也能发挥生态功能，为周围环境提供用水，对区域生态与环境有促进作用。     

黄河天桥水电站工程建设及泥沙处理主要经验

天桥水电站是黄河中游北干上的第一座高泥沙、低水头、大流量的径流式试验电站。它成功的施工与运营经验不仅对在黄河中游北干上开发梯级水电站，而且对中小型径流式水电站的施工都具有重要的借鉴作用。这篇文章总结了两期截流工程、基坑排水、固结灌浆、帷幕灌浆方面的施工经验。在诸如厂房位置的选择以及它的布置，泥沙、冰凌、洪水以及拦污方面的工程设计与运营的宝贵经验，使得水库长期保持高的有效库容和良好的运营状态。特剐是防止进水口淤积和水轮机的磨蚀方面的七条措施是非常有价值的。     

宁夏黄河经济及其非均衡协调发展战略

宁夏黄河经济应是宁夏区域经济,发展宁夏黄河经济必须立足于宁夏黄河资源的开发。广义而言,黄河资源基本上是宁夏全部的国土资源.其开发模式应由过去的单一开发、浅层开发向综合开发、深度开发转换。同时要注重以水利建设为突破口,以水利、农业两大基础产业为重点,煤—电—高耗能系列开发、灌溉—农业—轻工业系列开发、教育—人才—信息系列开发三大主导方向并行。发展宁夏黄河经济,应选择具有优势的部门和地区实行重点开发,使其优先增长,以此辐射带动整个区域的发展。