考虑优先权的地震灾害时限应急救援指派模型

针对地震灾害的突发性及受灾点的分散性, 模型定量确定救援优先级, 以最短到达时间为约束条件构建基于优先权的时限多目标指派模型; 运用两阶段法对模型进行求解, 算例结果表明, 利用该模型进行应急救援队伍的派遣是可行的, 可为应急救援的组织与协调提供决策参考。     

High temperature swelling of coal/tetralin mixtures in a high pressure microdilatometer

High pressure microdilatometer experiments were performed on a subbituminous (Wyodak) and a bituminous (Illinois no. 6) coal in helium and hydrogen atmospheres with and without added tetralin. Wyodak coal samples showed no swelling but contractions ranging between 24 and 40 vol% upon heating at 20 and 100 °C min^{− 1} under helium or hydrogen pressures between 150 and 1000 psig (˜1.0–6.9 MPa). Under the same conditions, Illinois no. 6 coals displayed contractions (25–60 vol%) prior to swelling up to 117 vol%. Upon tetralin addition (at 35–190 wt% of the coal), Wyodak coal samples did not swell but showed an increasing contraction with increasing helium or hydrogen pressure due to a slight softening and fusion of the coal particles. In contrast, addition of tetralin at much lower concentrations (5–35 wt%) had a marked effect on the contraction and swelling behaviour of Illinois no. 6. A maximum swelling of 200 vol% was obtained at a tetralin addition of 30 wt%. The increased swelling results from more extensive softening and fusion of coal particles in the presence of tetralin. Both coals showed a decreasing char yield with increasing tetralin concentration. The substantially lower extent of interaction observed between Wyodak coal samples and tetralin compared to Illinois no. 6 coal can be attributed to the differences in pore structure and/or chemical constitution of the two coal samples. Examination of the resultant solids by optical microscopy revealed the microstructural changes produced by thermal treatment in dilatometer experiments.     

Liquefaction of subbituminous coals under apparently non-hydrogenative conditions

Reactivities of several coals of different ranks have been examined in degrading extractions with aromatic solvents under apparently non-hydrogenative reaction conditions. Pyrene and A240 pitch liquefied the fusible coals in high yields and the slightly-fusible coals in moderate yields, indicating the importance of fusibility in such liquefaction processes. A240-LS pitch is a powerful solvent for slightly-fusible coals. Considerable amounts of pyridine- or THF-soluble fractions were produced especially with A240-LS pitch. A240 pitch is a better solvent than pyrene for some slightly-fusible coals. However, the extent of depolymerization of liquefied coal, pyridine- or THF-solubility, was definitely inferior. Yields of such fractions are higher for lower-rank coals. The mechanism of coal liquefaction under apparently non-hydrogenative conditions is discussed with emphasis on the stabilization of thermal fragments derived from the coal.     

防止氟化铝母液脱硅工艺中铝、氟消耗方法研究

在氟化铝母液中添加氯化铝等可溶性铝盐,可有效地阻止钠,氟,铝间冰晶石固体物质的形成,从而达到防止氟化铝脱硅工艺中铝,氟的损耗,确保氟硅酸钠的产品质量,同时提高母液利用的经济效益。     

Coal liquefaction in nitrogen compounds

Model compound studies have shown that 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline is an exceptionally good coal solvent. In the pure compound, subbituminous coal conversion to THF-soluble products approaches 100% under relatively mild reaction conditions. The effectiveness of tetrahydroquinoline for coal conversion appears to be related to its concentration relative to coal. The unique behaviour of tetrahydroquinoline is ascribed to its being a highly active H-donor; the fact that it is regenerable under reaction conditions by the reaction of hydrogen and quinoline; and that its polarity allows penetration of the coal structure and aids in dispersion of the dissolved coal. It has been found that, during reaction with coal, tetrahydroquinoline and other nitrogen compounds undergo extensive condensation reactions which result in an increase in the nitrogen content of the high boiling and non-distillable liquefaction products.     

Relative reactivity of hydrogen donor solvent in coal liquefaction

Hydrogen transfer from donor solvent to coal must involve reactions such as hydrogen donation to free radicals and hydrogenation of aromatic structures. The relative reactivities of five typical hydrogen donor solvents, more reactive than tetralin, were determined using a competing elimination reaction in the liquefaction of a bituminous coal at 400 °C and a brown coal at 350 °C. 9,10-Dihydroanthracene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline exhibited outstanding hydrogen donating ability. Further, the relative reactivities of five mild hydrogen donor solvents such as acenaphthene and indan were determined by a similar elimination reaction using a bituminous coal at 450 °C.     

Relationships between hydrogen donor abilities and chemical structure of aromatic compounds in terms of coal liquefaction

To obtain fundamental information about hydrogen transfer, the relationships between hydrogen donor ability and chemical structure of model compounds representing donor solvents is studied using gas chromatography,¹H n.m.r. and computing calculation methods. The order of the model compounds in terms of the ability as donor solvent to release hydrogen is: decalin < tetralin < 1,2-dihydronaphthalene < < 1,4-dihydronaphthalene. This trend closely correlates with the difference in binding energies of the hydroaromatic compounds and their radicals, determined by intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) calculation. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (e.s.r.) confirms that radical species are created after heat-treatment of the donor compounds. The ability of model compounds representing coal to accept hydrogen is assessed from a comparison of the¹H n.m.r. spectra. It is established that donor and acceptor efficacies are dependent upon chemical structure.     

引导震后心理危机个体控制权的回归——刍议震后恢复期心理危机干预

文章以心理危机干预的人际关系理论为视角,从心理危机个体控制权回归对摆脱心理危机的重要意义出发,探讨了震后恢复期中引导心理危机个体控制权回归的必要性;分析了震后恢复期心理危机个体控制权的主要现状与存在的问题;阐述了震后恢复期心理危机干预所应坚持的原则:关系原则、系统原则以及发展原则;提出了在恢复期中开展心理危机干预的方式及途径:干预途径以团体为主、干预方式以非指导性和合作性咨询为主、干预内容以未来方向为主。     

汶川地震与三峡库区蓄水的关系

为探究引起汶川地震的外因,分析了三峡水库的蓄水重心与龙门山断裂带的距离和几何关系、水库的大体量蓄水作用效果、四川盆地坚硬板块对由三峡库区蓄水所引起的水平力的传递效能、以及蓄水高程与构造型强地震的时间关系.针对汶川地震与三峡库区蓄水的关系,提出若干观点以供商榷.     

地震动时频分析在隧道动力响应分析中的应用

为了了解影响隧道动态内力峰值出现位置的相关因素.利用希尔伯特—黄变换,对E1 Centro等4条天然地震波和某隧道人工波(简称LBG地震波)进行了时频分析,结果表明:1)地震波各频段内所含能量的大小是影响隧道动态响应的主要因素;2)地震波中所包含的瞬时能量和总能量在时域上的分布决定了隧道内力及塑性应变最大峰值的出现时间;3)隧道内力峰值及最大塑性应变出现的位置与隧道断面形状及周围介质对衬砌的约束状态有关,与地震波的类型无关.