减水剂对高掺量粉煤灰砂浆性能的影响

研究了萘系高效减水剂（FDN）和木质素磺酸钙（LS）对高掺量粉煤灰砂浆性能的影响,测定了减水剂在胶凝颗粒表面的吸附、对水泥颗粒表面zeta电位等方面的影响。结果表明,和FDN相比,LS对砂浆的减水率较低,而对砂浆流动度保持能力较优;当掺量为0.4 wt%时,两者对砂浆稳定性的影响几乎一样。当掺量低于0.4 %时,LS的减水率和FDN接近是因为其具有较强的引气作用和FDN在胶凝颗粒表面吸附不完全;LS保持砂浆流动性能力较好是由于它的缓凝作用以及吸附LS的水泥颗粒表面zeta电位较稳定导致的。为了更好地将LS应用在高掺量粉煤灰砂浆中,可以从提高其减水率方面对其进行改性。     

腐解稻草DOM提取液洗脱六价铬污染土壤试验研究

工矿企业产生的铬渣、含铬废水由于管理不善导致土壤铬污染严重,迫切需要寻求低成本铬污染土壤修复技术。提出腐解稻草中溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM）提取液洗脱铬污染土壤的技术,通过实验室模拟试验,以2种铬污染土壤（总铬含量为分别为121.54、941.90 mg/kg,六价铬含量分别为119.90、856.90 mg/kg）为研究目标,采用振荡淋洗法考察了固液比、淋洗时间、淋洗次数等因素对土壤中总铬、六价铬洗脱效果的影响,并探讨了淋洗前后铬形态变化及淋洗后土壤残留六价铬的持续钝化能力。研究结果表明：稻草经35 d腐解后的DOM提取液洗脱土壤中铬效果最佳,确定为最佳淋洗剂;固液比1：15、淋洗4h/次、淋洗2次为最佳淋洗工艺条件,该条件下,2种铬污染土壤总铬分别洗脱了47.79%、85.92%,六价铬含量分别削减了51.76%、95.09%;DOM提取液呈弱碱性,包含大量羧基、羟基及酚类物质,对水溶态、弱酸提取态和残渣态铬有较好的洗脱效果,有效降低了土壤环境风险,且能持续钝化淋洗后土壤中残余的六价铬。     

燃煤电厂SCR脱硝氨逃逸迁移规律试验研究

研究了某燃煤电厂350 MW机组SCR系统氨逃逸在下游设备的迁移规律。现场试验发现,SCR系统下游设备中空气预热器、低低温省煤器、电除尘器氨逃逸捕获率分别为总氨逃逸量的23%~26%、9%~17%和56%~62%,进入脱硫系统的氨逃逸不足总氨逃逸的3%;提高低低温省煤器出口烟温会导致氨捕获率降低,但下游电除尘器飞灰氨含量增多,表明其对氨的捕获性能提高,最终总的捕获比例基本保持不变。通过现场试验及数据分析,建立了电除尘器所捕捉飞灰中氨含量与SCR出口氨逃逸的对应关系,当机组燃煤煤质大幅变化或对设备进行大幅改造等情况时,需要根据实际情况重新修正对应关系。     

改性粉煤灰对燃煤电厂脱硫废水中氯离子的吸附性能

为了将"以废治废"的理念融入实际工业应用中,开展对燃煤电厂固体废弃物粉煤灰改性后在不同条件下进行脱硫废水的吸附实验研究。结果表明,改性粉煤灰的最佳投加量为25 g/L,此时对废水中Cl^-的去除率最大,为56%;在45℃和pH为5的条件下,粉煤灰对Cl^-的吸附量最大,在反应约280 min时达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程为吸热反应,且符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。改性粉煤灰吸附前后物相组成、官能团的明显变化进一步说明改性后粉煤灰的吸附性能增强,吸附主要以物理吸附为主,同时伴有化学吸附过程。     

Structural Investigation and Molecular Modeling Studies of Strobilurin-Based Fungicides Active against the Rice Blast Pathogen Pyricularia oryzae

The increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens requires urgent solutions for crop disease management. Here, we describe a structural investigation of new fungicides obtained by combining strobilurin and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor pharmacophores. We identified compounds endowed with very good activity against wild-type Pyricularia oryzae, combined in some cases with promising activity against strobilurin-resistant strains. The first three-dimensional model of P. oryzae cytochrome bc1 complex containing azoxystrobin as a ligand was developed. The model was validated with a set of commercially available strobilurins, and it well explains both the resistance mechanism to strobilurins mediated by the mutation G143A and the activity of metyltetraprole against strobilurin-resistant strains. The obtained results shed light on the key recognition determinants of strobilurin-like derivatives in the cytochrome bc1 active site and will guide the further rational design of new fungicides able to overcome resistance caused by G143A mutation in the rice blast pathogen.     

Formation of Proto-Kranz in C3 Rice Induced by Spike-Stalk Injection Method

Introduction of C4 photosynthetic traits into C3 crops is an important strategy for improving photosynthetic capacity and productivity. Here, we report the research results of a variant line of sorghum–rice (SR) plant with big panicle and high spikelet density by introducing sorghum genome DNA into rice by spike-stalk injection. The whole-genome resequencing showed that a few sorghum genes could be integrated into the rice genome. Gene expression was confirmed for two C4 photosynthetic enzymes containing pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Exogenous sorghum DNA integration induced a series of key traits associated with the C4 pathway called “proto-Kranz” anatomy, including leaf thickness, bundle sheath number and size, and chloroplast size in bundle sheath cells. Significantly, transgenic plants exhibited enhanced photosynthetic capacity resulting from both photosynthetic CO₂-concentrating effect and improved energy balance, which led to an increase in carbohydrate levels and productivity. Furthermore, such rice plant exhibited delayed leaf senescence. In summary, this study provides a proof for the feasibility of inducing the transition from C3 leaf anatomy to proto-Kranz by spike-stalk injection to achieve efficient photosynthesis and increase productivity.     

Genome-Wide Analysis Identified a Set of Conserved lncRNAs Associated with Domestication-Related Traits in Rice

Crop domestication, which gives rise to a number of desirable agronomic traits, represents a typical model system of plant evolution. Numerous genomic evidence has proven that noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs and phasiRNAs, as well as protein-coding genes, are selected during crop domestication. However, limited data shows plant long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also involved in this biological process. In this study, we performed strand-specific RNA sequencing of cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and O. sativa ssp. indica, and their wild progenitor O. rufipogon. We identified a total of 8528 lncRNAs, including 4072 lncRNAs in O. rufipogon, 2091 lncRNAs in japonica rice, and 2365 lncRNAs in indica rice. The lncRNAs expressed in wild rice were revealed to be shorter in length and had fewer exon numbers when compared with lncRNAs from cultivated rice. We also identified a number of conserved lncRNAs in the wild and cultivated rice. The functional study demonstrated that several of these conserved lncRNAs are associated with domestication-related traits in rice. Our findings revealed the feature and conservation of lncRNAs during rice domestication and will further promote functional studies of lncRNAs in rice.     

A replacement of traditional insulation refractory brick by a waste-derived lightweight refractory castable

Lightweight insulation refractories are essential for high-temperature performance to reduce energy consumption. This study investigates a new insulation material, that is, solid waste rice husk ash (RHA) derived lightweight refractory castable, replacing traditional insulation refractory brick. The RHA is generated after the burning of rice husk as biomass fuel. The RHA is used as an aggregate and alkali-extracted silica sol from RHA as a binder to fabricate the insulation castable. The nanosilica containing (~30 wt%) sol is employed to synthesize the refractory castable by varying the sol amount (2.5-12.5 wt% silica from sol). The castable specimens are cast by a vibro-caster and fired at 900-1200°C in a muffle furnace. The physic-mechanical and thermal conductivity (κ) of the castable is investigated. At 1100°C with 10 wt% dry sol retaining sample shows an excellent apparent porosity (~65%), low bulk density (~ 0.8 g/cm³), and κ (0.136 W/m k) with sustainable compressive strength (6 MPa). The acquired results are a good match with the literature (other wastes-derived insulation materials) and industrial (silica insulation brick) obtained data. These promising outcomes may inspire the refractory industries for using RHA as an aggregate and RHA extracted sol as a binder for making insulation castable.     

Crude Wax Extracted from Rice Bran Oil Improves Oleogel Properties and Oxidative Stability

Crude wax extracted from rice bran oil (RBO) is used to improve the oleogel properties and oxidative stability of RBO. The effect of crude rice bran wax (CrBW) on the formation characteristics and oxidative stability of oleogels is discussed. The results show that oleogels can be formed with 7.0 wt% CrBW at 20 °C. As the concentration of CrBW increases from 7.0 to 11.0 wt%, the hardness and solid fat content (SFC) of the oleogels increase significantly, and the oleogels are primarily β' crystals. Moreover, oleogel crystals formed with 5 and 7 wt% CrBW are flocculent; when the amount included is 9%, the oleogel crystals are transformed into long dendrites, and the density rises. After 90 days of storage at 20 °C, the peroxide value of oleogels formed with 9.0 wt% CrBW slowly rises from 3.21 to 6.52 mmol kg⁻¹. Practical Applications: Oleogels prepared here by CrBW and RBO are an innovative structural lipid without trans fats. Useful information on the rich fats and nutrients in CrBW is provided, which reduces the production cost and improves the industrial production capacity.     

粉煤灰高附加值利用研究进展

粉煤灰是火电厂燃煤过程中产生的固体残渣, 其成分复杂, 具有毒性, 若处理不当会对环境造成危害。因此, 粉煤灰的高附加值利用迫在眉睫。然而, 粉煤灰的品质是制约其高附加值利用的主要因素。目前, 中国粉煤灰品质参差不齐, 缺少完善的品质评价体系, 由此造成粉煤灰利用领域的局限性。针对上述问题, 首先分析了中国粉煤灰的资源化特性, 总结了粉煤灰的品质评价方法, 并重点阐述了适用于粉煤灰高附加值利用的品质评价方法;其次, 详细介绍了粉煤灰高附加值利用技术（高附加值提取技术、高附加值材料制备技术）;最后, 对粉煤灰高附加值利用的发展趋势做出了展望。