SPE-GC-MS方法分析城市生活污水中多氯联苯的研究

要得到城市生活污水中多氯联苯的准确含量,必须选择合适的前处理方法.采用C18固相萃取柱富集生活污水中的PCBs,选择最佳用量为10 mL的组合萃取剂丙酮+正己烷(体积比为1∶1)进行萃取,结合浓硫酸洗涤、硅胶柱层析净化和无水硫酸钠干燥的方式深度提取PCBs;以EPA推荐的7种PCBs为外标物,采用GC-MS法对样品中的PCBs进行定性和定量分析.结果表明:城市生活污水中7种PCBs总量为27.75 ng/L.分析方法的相对标准偏差为1.6%~8.8%,回收率为84%~103%,检测限达到0.014μg/L.     

城市污水的层流换热特性理论

为有效利用城市污水热能,以污水源热泵系统中的流动工质——城市污水为研究对象,通过理论分析的方法,对其层流状态下的换热特性进行理论推导和实验验证.结果表明:污水作为热泵的冷热源,有良好的换热特性,推导得出的换热准则关联式h=4.53λ/D,为污水源热泵系统设计提供依据,同时为应用污水余热技术提供理论基础.     

A preliminary study on total removal efficiency of organic pollutants in sewage by Harbin municipal sewage treatment plant

To evaluate the removal efficiency of organic pollutants in the sewage by Harbin municipal sewage treatment plant,the influent and effluent samples from the plant were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) under conditions of acidity,neutrality and alkalescence in sequence,and then were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrum (GC-MS) procedures.Results indicate that there are 70 species of organic pollutants in the influent sample of the plant,which mainly consist of alkyls,benzene series,esters,and heterocyclic compounds.Some of these organic pollutants are biotoxic and belong to persistent organic pollutants (POPs).Four species among them are on the list of Prior Pollutants of Environmental Protection Agency of USA (USEPA).However,7 species of organic pollutants appearing in the effluent sample mainly include alkyls of multi-carbons and phthalate esters.The removal efficiency of phthalates is poor because of their poor biodegradability.The sewage treatment technique is effective in removing most of organics pollutants.     

Development of a novel modified EGSB reactor for municipal sewage treatment at ambient temperatures

A novel modified expanded granular sludge bed(EGSBm) reactor was developed for anaerobic treatment of municipal sewage with mixed liquid recirculation instead of effluent recirculation commonly adopted by a conventional EGSB(EGSBc) reactor.Performances of these two reactors were compared in treating municipal sewage at ambient temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 ℃.At an upflow liquid velocity(Vup) of 10.3 m/h,the mean concentrations of filtrated COD(CODfilt) and COD of the EGSBm effluent were determined to be 59.4 and 95.9 mg/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the EGSBc effluent operated under identical experimental conditions.When the organic loading rate was suddenly increased from 1.2 to 7.2 kg COD/(m3·d),the EGSBm regained the removal efficiency of previous operation phase in 10 d.Hydrodynamic characteristics of the reactors were compared using the residence time distribution(RTD) model.It was found that the treatment efficiency of EGSBm kept increasing as the Vup increased.The polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial diversity in EGSBm.Fingerprinting pattern indicated that some species in the inoculating sludge were still reserved in the granular sludge of EGSBm,moreover,several new species occurred.     

青岛市村镇居民环境意识调查

对青岛市3个村镇的103位村镇居民进行了环境意识调查,调查结果采用均值赋值法进行分析,发现居民对环境知识的实际知晓率不高,且获得环保信息的渠道相对单一,对环保的重要性、紧迫性认识较高、责任感较强,对污水处理有积极的态度,并有71％的被调查者愿意缴纳不超过10元／（月·户）的污水处理费用;被调查居民认为调查表中所列各项污染原因与本村的环境污染关系不大．     

人工快渗系统处理生活污水的模拟试验研究

用自制的实验室快速渗滤系统模拟反应器对生活污水进行处理．研究结果表明,实验室模拟快渗系统对CODCr,TN,TP去除效果良好,土的CODCr最大去除率为93．7％,TN为69．2％,TP为83．4％;沸石的CODCr最大去除率为86．4％,TN为45．1％,TP为55．3％;陶粒的CODCr最大去除率为74．4％,TN为37．9％,TP为38．4％．实验结果表明,在仅考虑去除率,不考虑渗滤速度的情况下,较优处理条件为土作为滤料,滤料高度为50cm．     

直接热化学液化法污泥制油技术研究进展

阐述了国内外利用直接热化学液化法处理污泥的研究进展和应用前景,并介绍了将其转化为油的典型液化工艺及其影响油产量的主要因素,阐明此种方法的发展趋势,并指出资源化利用和能源回收应该是今后污泥处置的方向．     

河南省农村经济发展的灰色理论分析

运用灰色理论分析的方法,对河南省18个地市的农村经济进行灰色关联评判和排序,确定各个地市经济发展的优劣次序和各地市的优势因素,为河南省各个地市农村经济发展提供理论参考依据,并预测了河南省农民今后几年的人均收入,以验证模型的合理性,最后对河南省农村经济发展提出了几条建议.     

我国南方农村生活污水处理技术的研发现状

针对农村生活污水直接排放已经成为影响我国农村水环境质量主要因素之一的现状,从适合我国农村的以村落或居民点为单位进行生活污水分散式处理的思维入手,介绍了我国现今主要的分散式生活污水处理技术的原理、特点、不足及其应用现状;继而综合比较了这些技术的技术经济指标,提出了适合我国农村的分散式生活污水处理技术的设计原则;最后提出发展有较高水力负荷,并具备小规模设备化特征和多种生物处理单元复合的创新技术是我国农村生活污水处理技术发展的主要方向。     

锦州地区农村住宅建设的调查

通过对锦州地区农村住宅进行实地调查,分析了农村住宅建设的现状,指出了当地农村住宅建设中存在的主要问题,从而深入了解农民生活,确切知道农民意愿,探求农村住宅形式,旨在使新农村住宅建设更好的适合本地区农民需求。