Testing scientific software: A systematic literature review

ContextScientific software plays an important role in critical decision making, for example making weather predictions based on climate models, and computation of evidence for research publications. Recently, scientists have had to retract publications due to errors caused by software faults. Systematic testing can identify such faults in code.ObjectiveThis study aims to identify specific challenges, proposed solutions, and unsolved problems faced when testing scientific software.MethodWe conducted a systematic literature survey to identify and analyze relevant literature. We identified 62 studies that provided relevant information about testing scientific software.ResultsWe found that challenges faced when testing scientific software fall into two main categories: (1) testing challenges that occur due to characteristics of scientific software such as oracle problems and (2) testing challenges that occur due to cultural differences between scientists and the software engineering community such as viewing the code and the model that it implements as inseparable entities. In addition, we identified methods to potentially overcome these challenges and their limitations. Finally we describe unsolved challenges and how software engineering researchers and practitioners can help to overcome them.ConclusionsScientific software presents special challenges for testing. Specifically, cultural differences between scientist developers and software engineers, along with the characteristics of the scientific software make testing more difficult. Existing techniques such as code clone detection can help to improve the testing process. Software engineers should consider special challenges posed by scientific software such as oracle problems when developing testing techniques.     

A systematic review on security in Process-Aware Information Systems – Constitution,challenges, and future directions

ContextSecurity in Process-Aware Information Systems (PAIS) has gained increased attention in current research and practice. However, a common understanding and agreement on security is still missing. In addition, the proliferation of literature makes it cumbersome to overlook and determine state of the art and further to identify research challenges and gaps. In summary, a comprehensive and systematic overview of state of the art in research and practice in the area of security in PAIS is missing.ObjectiveThis paper investigates research on security in PAIS and aims at establishing a common understanding of terminology in this context. Further it investigates which security controls are currently applied in PAIS.MethodA systematic literature review is conducted in order to classify and define security and security controls in PAIS. From initially 424 papers, we selected in total 275 publications that related to security and PAIS between 1993 and 2012. Furthermore, we analyzed and categorized the papers using a systematic mapping approach which resulted into 5 categories and 12 security controls.ResultsIn literature, security in PAIS often centers on specific (security) aspects such as security policies, security requirements, authorization and access control mechanisms, or inter-organizational scenarios. In addition, we identified 12 security controls in the area of security concepts, authorization and access control, applications, verification, and failure handling in PAIS. Based on the results, open research challenges and gaps are identified and discussed with respect to possible solutions.ConclusionThis survey provides a comprehensive review of current security practice in PAIS and shows that security in PAIS is a challenging interdisciplinary research field that assembles research methods and principles from security and PAIS. We show that state of the art provides a rich set of methods such as access control models but still several open research challenges remain.     

改性透明聚丙烯

主要介绍了聚丙烯透明改性的基本原理、透明剂的合成以及聚丙烯的透明改性方法和工艺过程 ,对聚丙烯透明改性的国内外研究现状进行了评述 ,并以山梨糖醇衍生物透明成核剂为主简述了透明聚丙烯的加工过程、性能和应用     

A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀晶体结构预测

利用Cerius2软件自带的晶体结构预测模块,以实验测得的A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀X射线粉末衍射数据为晶体结构预测结果的检测与筛选标准,以粉末衍射数据指标化得到的空间群作为参考,最终确定了A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀晶体分子的空间结构;在此基础之上进一步考察了半水盐酸帕罗西汀、A晶型盐酸帕罗西汀、盐酸帕罗西汀异丙醇化物之间的相对稳定性,从晶体结构的角度解释了三者之间晶型相互转换的原因。     

现状问题思考--现代陶艺创作感受

20世纪的中国，以改革开放大潮为契机，形成了八十年代的艺术引进大潮。它以西方现代艺术为观念性依托，以照搬、借鉴为化合手段，充分显示了中国艺术的开放性和包容性的特色，寻求西方现代艺术与中国艺术在本质上的协调性。使中国艺术家对艺术精神的把握，在观念上向前迈进了一步。艺术家的主要注意力不是对于传统艺术中的若干程式语言的承键，而是着意于对艺术结构自身的探索和对艺术本体的体味。在写实、写真方面，也注重对艺术的文化精神的把握和提升。也正是由于在这样一种大的艺术语境下，现代陶艺才能得以成为我们艺术家创作的一个方向。     

蒸发二段真空度不稳定原因分析

对斯那姆尿素工艺二段蒸发真空度不稳定原因进行了较详细的分析，并提出相应的操作处理措施     

MDI子窗体最佳层叠平铺算法及程序实现

针对VB 6.0编程软件界面不够美观,需要使用第三方皮肤系统进行界面美化,以及Skinsharp等高效的皮肤控件对MDI窗体的支持不够稳定,经常出现移动窗体后无法对窗体重新排列的问题,提出了模拟VB对MDI窗体的排列效果,实现与VB类似的MDI窗体平铺算法,实现了层叠、水平和垂直三种排列效果,并在此基础上增加了弹性层叠功能和固定窗体次序功能。所用方法解决了加载皮肤后子窗体无法排列的问题。结果表明：所用算法的执行效率不高,只有VB方法的二分之一,特别是加上皮肤后层叠的效率下降较多;但当窗体数量较少时,所用算法具有一定实用性,可以作为加载皮肤系统时VB默认排列的替代方法。     

Ⅰ型氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐的合成及晶型转换

优化了Ⅰ型氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐的合成方法,发现利用3-戊酮等溶剂在-10~-16℃反应10~16 h,能以80%左右的产率得到Ⅰ型氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐,并用熔点、红外与X衍射等方法对其进行了表征;同时还研究了Ⅰ、Ⅱ型氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐之间的相互转化。     

Sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal under high pressure by using a continuous free fall pyrolyzer☆

The behavior of sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal was investigated using a pressurized, continuous free fall pyrolyzer under the conditions of temperature ranging from 923 to 1123 K and hydrogen pressure up to 5 MPa. The yields of sulfur converted to gas, tar and char were determined, together with the analyses of sulfur form distributions in coals and chars. The results showed that the decomposition of inorganic sulfur species was affected only by the temperature, while the increases in temperature and hydrogen pressure obviously enhanced the removal of organic sulfur from coal. The extent of organic sulfur removal was proportional to the coal conversion, depending on coal type. A significant retention of gaseous sulfur products by the organic matrix of the char was observed during hydropyrolysis of a Chinese coal above 1023 K, even under the pressurized hydrogen atmosphere. The kinetic analysis indicates that the rate of organic sulfur removal from coal was 0.2th-order with respect to the hydrogen pressure, and the activation energy for total sulfur removal and organic sulfur removal is 17-26 and 13-55 kJ/mol, respectively. The low activation energies suggest that the transformation and removal of sulfur from coal might be controlled by the diffusion and/or thermodynamic equilibrium during hydropyrolysis under the pressurized conditions.