微波辐射常压麦草中木质素快速提取方法研究

采用微波辐射技术,建立了从麦草中提取木质素的工艺.使用微波法分离木质素和纤维素是微波应用的一种新途径.考察了固液比例、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、碱浓度等对木质素提取效果的影响.结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:2 g样品在微波辐射功率为550 W,辐射时间为75 min,固液比为1:12.5,碱浓度为16%时,木质素提取液的吸光度达到1.25,并且验证性试验的结果很稳定.     

Reaction kinetics of rye straw for thermnochemical conversion

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were conducted on two common types of rye straws (Danko and Kustro) at a heating rate of 20°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere (15% oxygen and 85% nitrogen, by volume) between ambient temperature and 700°C. The two step nature of the TGA curves and the dual peak characteristics of the DTA curves showed that rye straw had two distinct reaction zones. The initial degradation temperatures, the residual mass at 700°C, the thermal degradation rates in the first and second reaction zones and the kinetic parameters of each reaction zone (order of reaction, activation energy and pre-exponential factor) were determined. Higher thermal degradation rates were observed in the first reaction zone as compared to those in the second reaction zone.     

核交换法对禾草类木质素结构的研究

本文采用核交换法对麦草粉、Nkny－HCHO－AQ（SFP－AQ）浆、NaOH—Na2SO3一AQ（ASP—AQ）浆和NaOH—AQ（AP—AQ）浆中残余木质素的化学结构特性进行了研究。通过核交换法结合硝基苯氧化反应，测定麦草原本木质素和浆中残余本质素的各类型酚核的数量。结果表明麦草原本木质素主要由25．35mol％非缩聚G单元，17．60mol％非缩聚S单元和57．05mol％缩聚G单元所组成。与AP—AQ浆相比，SFP浆含有较少的DPM结构单元，这可能是SFP浆漂白性能好的原因之一。     

植物秸秆电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化技术研究

利用电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化机对植物秸秆进行了膨化加工试验。研究结果表明:电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化机利用高频转换器产生的高频电流,从而达到控制挤压膨化温度的作用。一级电磁感应加热,预热植物纤维,控制温度在80～110℃,二级电磁感应加热,为秸秆挤压膨化加工提供稳定的高温高压条件,控制温度在250～300℃。膨化量可达到200～400 kg/h,膨化产品粗纤维含量下降30%～50%,无氮浸出物含量在20%以上,代谢能提高近10倍。电磁感应辅助加热挤压膨化技术研究为形成工业化规模的秸秆膨化加工利用奠定了良好的基础。     

High-performance dispersant of coal–water slurry synthesized from wheat straw alkali lignin

Environmental concerns have stimulated interest in utilizing plant-derived materials in various industrial fields. The main objective of the present study was to synthesize a new type of high-performance lignin series dispersant of coal–water slurry (CWS) from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL), and determine the affecting factors in the reaction and the application performance for CWS preparation. The experimental results showed that the inherent viscosity and the sulfonic group content of the modified wheat straw alkali lignin (MSL) are the key factors affecting its dispersing effect for CWS. In the reaction, the reactant mass concentration and the sulfonating agent amount were changed to obtain the MSL with different inherent viscosities and sulfonic group contents, and the MSL with intermediate inherent viscosity (6.0 ml/g) and higher sulfonic group content (1.80 mmol g^− 1) was found to have excellent dispersing effect for CWS. The MSL obtained from optimized process was used as dispersant for CWS preparation, the studies of the properties of CWS showed that MSL has similar dispersing effect with naphtalenesulfonate–formaldehyde condensate, and far better dispersing effect than lignosulphonate. Recently this kind of new dispersant has been applied in several power plants in China.     

利用玉米秸秆制备高吸水树脂

将玉米秸秆预处理后与丙烯酸接枝共聚制备高吸水性树脂,采用单因素实验确定了合成条件中各因素的最佳水平:θ=45℃,引发剂中过硫酸钾用量为单体质量的0.8%,交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)用量为单体质量的0.6%,m(AA)∶m(玉米秸秆)=8∶1,丙烯酸中和度为70%,t=4 h。对最佳条件下制备的树脂进行了性能测试,对秸秆预处理前后及产物进行了扫描电镜分析。结果表明,该树脂具有良好的吸水、保水性能,吸水率最高达到291 g.g-1,吸盐水率达到49 g.g-1。     

稻草制浆中硅含量测定方法的改进

采用可见分光光度法测定稻草纤维原料及其亚铵法制浆废液中的硅含量.比较了分析纯Na2SiO3·9H2O和单晶硅标准物工作曲线的线性相关性,探讨了浸提剂种类和浸提温度对测定结果的影响.结果表明,在实验试剂用量范围内,分析纯Na2SiO3·9H2O和单晶硅标准物在680 nm处吸光度与质量浓度呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9...     

天然与浸泡SH胶麦秸秆微结构指标的对比分析

利用扫描电子显微镜对天然、不同浸水时间、不同浸胶时间及浸胶后浸水不同时间麦秸秆的横断面的微结构进行观察,并采用Leica QWin5000图像处理系统对SEM照片进行了微结构参数的统计．对麦秸秆微结构孔隙的等效直径、平面孔隙率和面积比三个指标进行了定量对比分析．结果表明：天然麦秸秆组织疏松,具有较强的吸水性,浸水膨胀使其孔隙增大;SH胶可有效地渗入麦秸秆孔隙内,并附着在表面上,填充了孔隙,使孔隙面积减小;SH胶对麦秸秆的吸附和补强作用具有不可逆性,浸泡SH胶能有效地增强麦秸秆的抗水性能．     

A novel method of utilizing the biomass resource: Rapid liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of biodegradable polyurethane foam (PUF)

In the paper, wheat straw was rapidly liquefied in the mild condition. The optimum liquefaction effect was obtained at steam-explosion pre-treatment of wheat straw, liquefaction temperature of 140 °C, solvent/wheat straw ratio of 6:1, glycol (EG):glycerol = 5, sulfuric acid of 5%, and wheat straw of water content of 150%. During the liquefaction, cellulose, semi-cellulose and lignin are decomposed, which results in changes of hydroxyl value, acid value, viscosity and weight-average molecular weight of the reaction system. The liquefaction product was used to prepare polyurethane foam. Compared with the normal PUF, the foam had similar mechanical properties and better water absorption and biodegradability.     

碱性条件下稻草NH4OH-KOH蒸煮黑液的絮凝处理

利用聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺处理稻草NH4OH-KOH蒸煮黑液。系统讨论了聚合氯化铝用量、聚丙烯酰胺用量、反应温度和黑液pH值等工艺参数对絮凝效果的影响，继而确定了适宜絮凝工艺条件。结果表明，该絮凝体系对黑液COD去除率为68%，木质素去除率为92%。仪器测试表明絮凝沉淀物中除含有大量木质素外，氮、钾等营养元素的含量分别为23. 73%、6. 24%(均为干基)，为絮凝沉淀物制备固体有机肥料创造条件；上层清液pH 为9. 20，呈碱性，杂质含量低，补加NH4OH/KOH后可作为蒸煮液循环使用，使稻草制浆更易于实施清洁生产。