Quality of Minimally Processed Apple Slices from Selected Cultivars

Twelve cultivars were prepared as slices and stored 12 days at 2°C. Changes in respiration and quality factors were compared. Initial respiration rates among cultivars varied from 3.5 mL CO₂/kg/hr in Delicious to 7.6 mL CO₂/kg/hr in Monroe and decreased rapidly during the first 3 days. Idared, McIntosh, Delicious, and Rome showed relatively low respiration throughout storage. Firmness of slices during storage decreased gradually for 7 days and more rapidly thereafter. Empire, Golden Delicious, and Idared apples showed minimum changes in firmness. Change in color of slices was rapid during the first 3 days. Cortland. Emuire. Golden Delicious. New York 674. and Delicious showed least browning. Titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and weight changes during storage were small and varied by cultivar. NY674, Cortland, Golden Delicious, Empire, and Delicious showed more desirable attributes for minimal processing.     

亚麻酸处理对苹果果实愈伤的促进作用及相关机理

目的：研究亚麻酸（linolenic acid,LA）对苹果果实采后愈伤的影响,探讨相关生化机理。方法：用1 mmol/L LA浸泡处理模拟损伤的‘富士’苹果果实,以含微量乙醇的无菌水处理为对照,通过测定苹果病情指数和质量损失率评价LA的愈伤效果,并分析果实伤口处苯丙烷代谢关键酶活力及代谢产物含量,以及H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活力。结果：与对照组相比,LA处理降低了愈伤期间损伤果实的质量损失率和损伤接种果实的病情指数;此外,LA处理提高了果实伤口处4 种苯丙烷代谢关键酶（苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶和肉桂醇脱氢酶）的活力,增加了4 种酚酸（芥子酸、阿魏酸、肉桂酸和咖啡酸）、3 种木质素单体（松柏醇、肉桂醇和芥子醇）以及总酚、类黄酮和木质素的含量;处理果实伤口处的H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活力也明显提高。结论：LA可通过激活苯丙烷代谢、提高H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活性来促进苹果果实愈伤。     

Experimental determination of the dynamics of vacuum impregnation of apples

ABSTRACT:  Vacuum impregnation (VI) is a food processing method by which air and native solution are removed from porous spaces within a food and replaced by an external solution. In this study, an experimental device based on a previous design was built, including some modifications, in order to investigate the dynamics of the VI process. The device measured the net force exerted by a food sample submitted to the VI process using a load cell. The influence of the vacuum level and sample geometry was well quantified by the experimental procedure and the modified equipment using apple samples (Fuji var.) as a food model. The results indicated that the experimental device proposed in this study, together with the suggested procedure, is a useful tool to investigate the dynamics of VI processes. It is robust and versatile, and has the advantage of not requiring the determination of the water evaporated during the VI process in a separate experiment, which represents an increase in the accuracy of the results.     

Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid profiles of English cider apples

The phenolics in 20 apple cultivars comprising 19 English cider apple varieties and one dessert apple variety were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The cider varieties contained higher levels than the dessert apple and the peel was richer in phenolics than the flesh. The phenolic concentrations ranged between 230 and 4920 mg kg^?1 fresh weight in the flesh and between 546 and 6306 mg kg^?1 fresh weight in the peel. Fifteen compounds from five different phenolic groups, flavan‐3‐ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamates and dihydrochalcones, were detected. The major components in the flesh were 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, procyanidin B2 and (?)‐epicatechin, while (?)‐epicatechin and quercetin glycosides predominated in the peel. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Relationships between volatile production,fruit quality and sensory evaluation of Fuji apples stored in different atmospheres by means of multivariate analysis

Aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory characteristics of Fuji apples were analysed after 3, 5 and 7 months of storage at 1 °C in normal air (AIR; 210 l m^?3 O₂/0.3 l m^?3 CO₂) and in controlled atmospheres with O₂/CO₂ ratios of 10 l m^?3/10 l m^?3 (ULO1), 10 l m^?3/20 l m^?3 (ULO2) and 30 l m^?3/20 l m^?3 (SCA). After storage the apples were kept at 20 °C for 1, 5 and 10 days. The components that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of Fuji apples were ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2‐methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate. The highest aroma compound production was found in ULO1 fruits after 5 months of cold storage and 1 day of shelf‐life. After 3 and 5 months of storage, ULO1 fruits showed the highest firmness after both 1 day and 10 days at 20 °C. After 7 months of storage plus 1 day at 20 °C, ULO2 fruits showed higher titratable acidity and soluble solid content; fruit firmness was also maintained throughout the shelf‐life period. Generally, background and superficial colour were not influenced by storage conditions. A statistically significant correlation was found between aroma compounds, quality parameters and sensory evaluation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Control of internal browning and quality improvement of ‘Fuji’ apples by stepwise increase of CO2 level during controlled atmosphere storage

To control internal browning injury and to reduce quality loss in ‘Fuji’ apples during storage, a stepwise controlled atmosphere (CA) method was applied in this study. Both non‐bagged and bagged apples during maturation were stored at 0 °C under 1% O₂ + 1% CO₂, 1% O₂ + 3% CO₂ or air for 10 months, and 1% O₂ + 1% CO₂ for 2 months followed by 1% O₂ + 3% CO₂ for 8 months (stepwise CA). The concentrations of internal ethylene and carbon dioxide in apples kept for 24 h at 20 °C after storage under CA conditions were maintained at low level, but there was no effect of stepwise CO₂ increase on internal gas concentrations. The non‐bagged and bagged apples stored under stepwise CA were not significantly different from those stored under 1% O₂ + 3% CO₂ continuously for 10 months in term of flesh firmness, titratable acidity and yellowing index. However, the apples stored under stepwise CA were firmer, more acid and greener than those stored under 1% O₂ + 1% CO₂ continuously for 10 months. Internal browning injury occurred in apples stored under 1% O₂ + 3% CO₂ continuously for 10 months, but it was suppressed completely by stepwise CA storage. The stepwise CA, increasing of CO₂ level after holding at 1% CO₂ for the first 2 months of storage, was effective in maintaining the quality and controlling the internal browning injury in non‐bagged and bagged ‘Fuji’ apples. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Diamagnetic susceptibility changes in apple tissue after bruising

In nuclear magnetic resonance images of bruised apples, the bruised tissue regions appear brighter than intact tissue regions. The cause for the contrast was investigated. The spin-spin relaxation rates (1/T₂) of the bruised regions were found to be greater than those of firm tissue regions ruling out this mechanism as a cause for the contrast. By comparing spin-echo images (with echo delays of 14 ms and 50 ms) with gradient-recalled-echo images (with echo delay of 5.5 ms) it was concluded that the contrast may be attributed to the decrease in the diamagnetic susceptibility variations within the bruised regions as a result of the partial destruction of the cellular structure caused by bruising. Images of a bruised apple were acquired before bruising, immediately after bruising and approximately every 4 h thereafter, and showed that the contrast between bruised and non-bruised regions increased with time.     

寒富苹果的育成及其社会效应

抗寒优质苹果新品种－寒富，既有近似富士苹果的优良果实品质、又有明显超过国光苹果的树体抗寒性及适应环境能力。区域试验与扩大试栽的实践已经表明，寒富苹果不仅是优质大苹果适宜栽植范围内苹果更新换代的优良品种之一，而且更适合在寒冷地区替代中小型苹果进行优质果生产。     

Method Development and Generation of Profiles for Selected Phenolics from Apple Cultivars Used for Processed Products

ABSTRACT: Profiles of selected phenolic constituents of 2 apple cultivars, Northern Spy and Ida Red, commonly used for processed products were compared. Although chlorogenic acid was the principal phenolic in both cultivars, there were significant quantitative differences. A new solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation using polymeric resins was developed for this experiment. Quantification was by ultra-violet (UV) absorbance using a diode array detector. The performance of this new method was compared with that of a published liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method, based on linearity of detector response, limits of detection, reproducibility of analysis, and recoveries from spiked apple samples.     

苹果有效酸度的近红外无损检测研究

为了更好的对苹果的有效酸度进行检测,实验应用波长范围为643.26～985.11 nm的Purespect近红外透射光谱仪对100个富士苹果的校正集样品和20个预测集样品进行了光谱扫描,比较了不同的光谱预处理方法和不同建模波段对模型的影响,最终确立的模型相关系数(RC)为0.925,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.0395.对模型预测性能的验证结果表明:建立的苹果有效酸度模型性能较稳定,能满足实际应用的要求.