中国图像工程：2009

该文是关于中国图像工程的年度文献综述系列之十五。为了使国内广大从事图像工程研究和图像技术应用的科技人员能够较全面地了解国内图像工程研究和发展的现状,并能够方便地查询有关文献,现从2009年在国内15种有关图像工程重要中文期刊的共134期上发表的3604篇学术研究和技术应用文献中,选取出1008篇属于图像工程领域的文献,并根据各文献的主要内容将其分别归入图像处理,图像分析,图像理解,技术应用和综述五个大类,然后进一步分入23个专业小类（与去年相同）。在此基础上还进行了各期刊各类文献的统计和分析。根据统计分析结果可看到我国图像工程在2009年许多新进展的情况。特别值得指出,在上述15种期刊上所发表的图像工程文献数量在2009年继续增加并达到历史最高,显示了图像工程在中国继续蓬勃发展的趋势。另外,借此综述系列15年之际,还将这15年分成3个5年的阶段,分别对3个阶段的图像工程文献选取情况和各类图像工程文献数量进行了统计和对比分析,以为读者提供更全面和可信的发展动态信息。     

Classifying mental tasks based on features of higher-order statistics from EEG signals in brain-computer interface

In order to characterize the non-Gaussian information contained within the EEG signals, a new feature extraction method based on bispectrum is proposed and applied to the classification of right and left motor imagery for developing EEG-based brain-computer interface systems. The experimental results on the Graz BCI data set have shown that based on the proposed features, a LDA classifier, SVM classifier and NN classifier outperform the winner of the BCI 2003 competition on the same data set in terms of either the mutual information, the competition criterion, or misclassification rate.     

Using space windowing for a preliminary analysis of complex time data in human component system studies. Examples with eye-tracking in advertising and car/head movements in driving

Empirical studies of human systems often involve recording multidimensional signals because the system components may require physical measurements (e.g., temperature, pressure, body movements and/or movements in the environment) and physiological measurements (e.g., electromyography or electrocardiography). Analysis of such data becomes complex if both the multifactor aspect and the multivariate aspect are retained. Three examples are used to illustrate the role of fuzzy space windowing and the large number of data analysis paths. The first example is a classic simulated data set found in the literature, which we use to compare several data analysis paths generated with principal component analysis and multiple correspondence analysis with crisp and fuzzy windowing. The second example involves eye-tracking data based on advertising, with a focus on the case of one category variable, but with the possibility of several space windowing models and time entities. The third example concerns car and head movement data from a driving vigilance study, with a focus on the case involving several quantitative variables. The notions of analysis path multiplicity and information are discussed both from a general perspective and in terms of our two real examples.     

An extension of likelihood-ratio-test for testing linear hypotheses in the baseline-category logit model

A new family of test statistics for testing linear hypotheses in baseline-category logit models is introduced and its asymptotic distribution is obtained. The new family is a natural extension of the classical likelihood ratio test. A simulation study is carried out to find new test statistics that offer an attractive alternative to the classical likelihood ratio test in terms of both exact size and exact power.     

基于顺序统计滤波的实时语音端点检测算法

针对嵌入式语音识别系统,提出了一种高效的实时语音端点检测算法. 算法以子带频谱熵为语音/噪声的区分特征, 首先将每帧语音的频谱划分成若干个子带, 计算出每个子带的频谱熵, 然后把相继若干帧的子带频谱熵经过一组顺序统计滤波器获得每帧的频谱熵, 根据频谱熵的值对输入的语音进行分类. 实验结果表明, 该算法能够有效地区分语音和噪声, 可以显著地提高语音识别系统的性能. 在不同的噪声环境和信噪比条件下具有鲁棒性. 此外, 本文提出的算法计算代价小, 简单易实现, 适合实时嵌入式语音识别系统的应用.     

基于统计模型的书法创作模拟

人们对抽象思维与形象思维的认识极不平衡,对形象思维过程的研究尚属阙如.书法创作是典型的形象思维过程.文中给出基于带参数的统计模型(X=M(b))的书法笔划变形方法,通过调节参数可生成新风格的笔划.其过程包括从笔划轮廓获得训练点集、利用广义Procrustes分析法对齐、由主成分分析法得到特征等,并以隶书中典型的"一"划为例,讨论模拟创作结果.要实现人工智能,形象思维的模拟、模式和模型是逐步要考虑的问题.目前的工作只是第一步.     

A Numerical Study of Diagonally Split Runge–Kutta Methods for PDEs with Discontinuities

Diagonally split Runge–Kutta (DSRK) time discretization methods are a class of implicit time-stepping schemes which offer both high-order convergence and a form of nonlinear stability known as unconditional contractivity. This combination is not possible within the classes of Runge–Kutta or linear multistep methods and therefore appears promising for the strong stability preserving (SSP) time-stepping community which is generally concerned with computing oscillation-free numerical solutions of PDEs. Using a variety of numerical test problems, we show that although second- and third-order unconditionally contractive DSRK methods do preserve the strong stability property for all time step-sizes, they suffer from order reduction at large step-sizes. Indeed, for time-steps larger than those typically chosen for explicit methods, these DSRK methods behave like first-order implicit methods. This is unfortunate, because it is precisely to allow a large time-step that we choose to use implicit methods. These results suggest that unconditionally contractive DSRK methods are limited in usefulness as they are unable to compete with either the first-order backward Euler method for large step-sizes or with Crank–Nicolson or high-order explicit SSP Runge–Kutta methods for smaller step-sizes. We also present stage order conditions for DSRK methods and show that the observed order reduction is associated with the necessarily low stage order of the unconditionally contractive DSRK methods. The work of C.B. Macdonald was partially supported by an NSERC Canada PGS-D scholarship, a grant from NSERC Canada, and a scholarship from the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS). The work of S. Gottlieb was supported by AFOSR grant number FA9550-06-1-0255. The work of S.J. Ruuth was partially supported by a grant from NSERC Canada.     

Nonparametric Bayesian Image Segmentation

Image segmentation algorithms partition the set of pixels of an image into a specific number of different, spatially homogeneous groups. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian model for histogram clustering which automatically determines the number of segments when spatial smoothness constraints on the class assignments are enforced by a Markov Random Field. A Dirichlet process prior controls the level of resolution which corresponds to the number of clusters in data with a unique cluster structure. The resulting posterior is efficiently sampled by a variant of a conjugate-case sampling algorithm for Dirichlet process mixture models. Experimental results are provided for real-world gray value images, synthetic aperture radar images and magnetic resonance imaging data.     

一维统计量的椭圆检测法

数字影像中目标的识别是十分关键的,该文以椭圆作为研究对象,在对于基于二维随机变量的以HU不变矩为代表的不变矩算法上,提出了基于动差方法建立一维的随机统计量,并且证明该随机变量的三级动差和四级动差均为一常量。由于本算法只使用一维随机变量且该统计量又很容易获得,成为了其突现的优越性。     

改进的χ~2统计文本特征选择方法

特征选择是当今研究领域的一个热点,尤其是文本分类领域中的热点。针对χ2统计方法的两个缺陷:降低了低频词的权重和提高了很少在指定类中出现但普遍存在于其他类的特征在该类中的权重,对χ2统计方法进行改进,并通过做模拟和对比实验,对比改进前后的方法对文本分类的影响。在模拟和对比实验中,改进后方法的分类效果要好于传统的方法。