红沿河核电站海水淡化系统V型滤池腐蚀与控制

红沿河核电站海水淡化系统于2010年6月调试可用.经过一段时间试运行后,发现V型滤池底部挑耳裸露钢筋及滤池滤板紧固件等锈蚀严重,分析了腐蚀原因,并介绍了所采取的防护措施.     

火力发电机组-海水淡化联合生产系统

淡水资源短缺在我国是一个不容忽视的问题,已经严重影响了很多地区的经济发展。提出一种在汽轮机组负荷运行时,利用其富余的低压抽汽量,嵌入海水淡化系统的联合生产方式。该方式既解决了火力发电机组容量充分利用的问题,又开辟了一种新的人工淡水资源,适合于沿海地区火电厂(特别是海水冷却电厂)采用。设计了该联合生产方式的原则性热力系统图。同时,利用等效热降法对这种联合生产方式对机组热力特性的影响进行了分析计算,从热经济性角度分析了这种运行方式的可行性。     

海上硅酸钠聚合醇钻井液的研制

针对现有海洋钻井液的缺点,对常用钻井液添加剂进行优选,并将硅酸钠与聚合醇复合使用,研发一种具有较强的抑制性、润滑性且适合海上钻井使用的高封堵型水基钻井液。最终确定海水硅酸钠聚合醇钻井液的配方为：400 mL海水+5.0%膨润土+5.0%Na2CO3 + 0.4%PAC+0.7%HA树脂+3.0%硅酸钠+5.0%聚乙二醇。硅酸钠聚合醇钻井液性能评价表明,该钻井液体系的表观黏度为30.4 mPa·s,塑性黏度为20.3 mPa·s,动切力为13.1 Pa,流变性优于常规海洋钻井液体系。该钻井液80 ℃的滚动回收率为87.5%,8 h浸泡页岩膨胀率为0.44 mm,能解决井壁稳定问题。抗污染能力测试表明,该钻井液具有抗盐（Ca2+等）的能力。     

The decline of scale-forming ions from R.O feed water using kaolinite/nano-sized iron oxide composite

The study was designed to synthesize iron oxide-kaolinite composite to apply as a sorbent for a pre-treatment of seawater used as feed water in reverse osmosis units. Herein, we present kaolinite/Nano-sized iron oxide composite through the impregnation process. The morphologies of synthesized iron oxide and kaolinite-iron oxide nanocomposites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurement (ZPM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction as well as FTIR. The results indicated iron oxide was well dispersed on the surface of kaolinite. Kaolinite/iron oxide composite has been found particularly useful for adsorption of scale-forming ions from seawater. The parameters controlling the uptake of the scales ions from seawater are contact time, initial ions concentration, adsorption dose, temperature, and pH. The removal efficiency reached 84% for barium under certain conditions. The adsorption follows Pseudo 2nd order with a maximum adsorbent capacity of 2.2 mg g⁻¹. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be the best model describing the process.     

S/Se dual-doping promotes the formation of active Ni/Fe oxyhydroxide for oxygen evolution reaction of (sea)water splitting

Surface reconstruction produces metal oxyhydroxide (1OOH) active sites, and promoting surface reconstruction is essential for the design of OER electrocatalysts. In this paper, we reported that a large amount of active NiFeOOH was generated in-situ on the surface of nickel-iron sulfide selenide, thus exposing more active sites and efficiently catalyzing OER. In 1 M KOH solution, NiFeOOH(S,Se) achieves an ultra-low overpotential of 195 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm^?2, and the Tafel slope is only 31.99 mV dec^?1, showing excellent catalytic performance. When the current density is 100  mA cm^?2, the over-potential of NiFeOOH(S,Se) in KOH + seawater solution is 239 mV, which is almost equivalent to 231 mV in KOH solution. The excellent OER stability of the NiFeOOH(S,Se) catalyst in alkaline electrolytes was confirmed, and the overpotential did not change significantly after 4 days of testing in KOH + seawater solution.     

Tribological mechanism of micro-arc oxidation coatings prepared by different electrolyte systems in artificial seawater

The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared in four different electrolyte systems, including mixed acid, phosphate, phosphate-aluminate and phosphate-silicate electrolytes. The friction and wear properties of MAO coatings in ambient air, seawater and four groups of saline solutions related to seawater were investigated. The results showed that the addition of silicate to phosphate could increase the density of the coating. The phosphate-aluminate ceramic layer exhibited the lowest wear rate in various environments. Additionally, the friction coefficient and wear rate of MAO coating in seawater were lower than those in ambient air, which was due to the boundary lubrication effect of seawater. Meanwhile, the presence of divalent metal salts in seawater made its lubricity better than other salt solutions.     

Evaluation of particle recovery from microalgae

Coccoliths are micro-structured biomineral particles found in cell protective covering layers of coccolithophore species. They are mainly composed of CaCO₃ and their individual crystal entities are arranged in such a way that they construct complex and unique structures. This complexity is found down to the individual particle level and appears to have promising properties to offer. This study focuses on the essential step prior to any kind of implementation, which is the recovery of the material. It summarizes cleaning protocols found in literature, compares them for the first time for the same freshly cultivated material and addresses challenges that still need to be overcome. Further, it highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the best cleaning protocols, suggests optimizations with promising results and uses size distribution measurements to analyse the recovery efficiency. To that end, further characterization techniques, new for coccoliths, are introduced and used to improve our current knowledge of the particles behaviour.     

Integration of 2D printing technologies for AV2O6 (A=Ca,Sr, Ba)-MO (M=Cu,Ni, Zn) photocatalyst manufacturing to solar fuels production using seawater

The non-polluting nature of photocatalytic H₂ production makes of interest the study of semiconductors for this process. Scale-up of the photocatalytic hydrogen process to a pilot plant requires the photocatalyst's immobilization to enhance the charge transfer and facilitate its recovery. In this work, screen-printed films from the AV₂O₆ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) semiconductor family were fabricated and evaluated in photocatalytic water splitting for H₂ production in distilled water and seawater under UVA light. The films exhibited ∼3.1 eV band gaps, high crystallinity, and heterogeneous morphologies. BaV₂O₆ film exhibited the highest H₂ production in distilled water (691 μmol/g), related to the synergistic effect between a higher crystallinity and traces of V⁺⁴ species that decrease the recombination of the photogenerated charges. Also, to take advantage of the dissolved species in seawater that could act as sacrificial agents, the BaV₂O₆ film was evaluated in seawater, in which H₂ production was up to 6 times higher (4374 μmol/g) than in distilled water. The BaV₂O₆ film was decorated with simple oxides (CuO, NiO, and ZnO) by the ink-jet printing technology to increase its photocatalytic performance for H₂ production. The highest efficiency with distilled water was obtained with the BaV₂O₆-CuO film, which reached an H₂ production up to 30 times higher than the bare BaV₂O₆, own to the n-p heterostructure formation that enhances the charge transport in the photocatalytic process. When the BaV₂O₆-CuO film was evaluated in seawater, a more constant H₂ production was observed; moreover, the efficiency was similar compared to the production in distilled water (20,563 μmol/g). To elucidate the seawater compounds that most influence the H₂ production, a two levels Plackett–Burman experiments design was carried out in simulated seawater. The analysis revealed that the SO₄²⁻ ions from the CaSO₄ could be decreasing the H₂ production by acting as Lewis's acid sites that trap the photogenerated e⁻ competing for its usage with the H⁺. Additionally, the Cl⁻ ions and the HCO₃⁻ reduction improved the HCOOH production from simulated seawater, reaching 26 times a higher production (23,333 μmol/g) than in distilled water.     

Fatigue resistance of natural rubber in seawater with comparison to air

Fatigue properties of filled natural rubber in seawater environment are investigated by uniaxial fatigue and crack propagation experiments, and the damage is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The behavior under relaxing and non-relaxing loading conditions is studied and the results are compared to those obtained in air environment. For relaxing loading conditions, fatigue behavior is the same in both environments. Under non-relaxing conditions at large strain levels, for which the influence of strain-induced crystallization is important, fatigue life is longer in seawater. Such behavior could be explained by increased internal temperatures of specimens tested in air due to lower heat conductivity of air as compared to seawater. Such conclusion is also supported by the damage mechanisms observed under non-relaxing loading conditions.     

Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination

The worldwide need for fresh water requires more and more plants for the treatment of non-conventional water sources. During the last decades, seawater has become an important source of fresh water in many arid regions. The traditional desalination processes [reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage flash (MSF), multi effect distillation (MED), electrodialysis (ED)] have evoluated to reliable and established processes; current research focuses on process improvements in view of a lower cost and a more environmentally friendly operation. This paper provides an overview of recent process improvements in seawater desalination using RO, MSF, MED and ED. Important topics that are discussed include the use of alternative energy sources (wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy) for RO or distillation processes, and the impact of the different desalination process on the environment; the implementation of hybrid processes in seawater desalination; pretreatment of desalination plants by pressure driven membrane processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration) compared to chemical pretreatment; new materials to prevent corrosion in distillation processes; and the prevention of fouling in reverse osmosis units. These improvements contribute to the cost effectiveness of the desalination process, and ensure a sustainable production of drinking water on long terms in regions with limited reserves of fresh water.