Preparation of treelike and rodlike carboxymethylated nanocellulose and their effect on carboxymethyl cellulose films

In this work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with low substitution degree, followed by different posttreatments, was applied to prepare treelike CMC nanofibrils (CMCNFs) and rodlike CMC nanocrystals (CMCNCs), and their performance in CMC composite film was evaluated simultaneously. From transmission electron microscopy results, it was found that the treelike CMCNCFs exhibited a lager aspect ratio compared to the rodlike CMCNCs. As for reinforcing CMC film, 4 wt% was the best adding amount, at this time, the tensile strength of CMC/CMCNFs and CMC/CMCNCs composite films was increased by 72.1% and 47.3%, respectively. Moreover, adding these nanofillers to CMC also could enhance the thermal stability of composite films slightly, while the transmittance of composite films was reduced at the same time. In addition, CMC/CMCNFs film was designed as a packaging box to determine its performance. Therefore, this study could reveal the differences of properties for composites with different types of nanocellulose and provide a foundation for further application of nanocellulose.     

Melt processing of nanocomposites of cellulose nanocrystals with biobased thermoplastic polyurethane

Nanocomposites of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) without and with surface treatment are obtained by melt processing. Nanocomposites are obtained with nanofiller weight content near of the theoretical percolation threshold (3.9 wt%). Visual observation of CNC agglomerates is sufficient to prove the inefficiency of the mixing in systems with untreated CNC. The crystallization kinetics of the TPU changes with the addition of CNC and this is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis prove that the addition of CNC increases the thermal stability of the TPU. From the rheological analysis it is possible to verify the absence of percolation and an intermediate state of sol–gel transition in the nanocomposites. CNC/TPU nanocomposites with 5 wt% of treated CNC present better mechanical performance than de neat TPU and the other processed nanocomposites and display around 130% increase in Young's modulus while retaining significant values of toughness, tensile strength and elongation at break.     

The challenge of predicting spinnability: Investigating benefits of adding lignin to cellulose solutions in air-gap spinning

In this study, the underlying mechanism for improved spinnability when mixing lignin and cellulose in solution was investigated. Co-processing of lignin and cellulose has previously been identified as a potential route for production of inexpensive and bio-based carbon fibers. The molecular order of cellulose contributes to the strength of the fibers and the high carbon content of lignin improves the yield during conversion to carbon fibers. The current work presents an additional benefit of combining lignin and cellulose; solutions that contain both lignin and cellulose could be air-gap spun at substantially higher draw ratios than pure cellulose solutions, that is, lignin improved the spinnability. Fibers were spun from solutions containing different ratios of lignin, from 0 to 70 wt%, and the critical draw ratio was determined at various temperatures of solution. The observations were followed by characterization of the solutions with shear and elongational viscosity and surface tension, but none of these methods could explain the beneficial effect of lignin on the spinnability. However, by measuring the take-up force it was found that lignin seems to stabilize against diameter fluctuations during spinning, and plausible explanations are discussed.     

太赫兹光谱识别木材的影响因素研究

径向变异和不同切面是影响太赫兹光谱识别木材的重要因素。为了探讨径向变异和不同切面对太赫兹光谱识别木材的影响,利用太赫兹时域光谱技术获取杉木和柳杉样品的太赫兹光谱数据,共600组木材光谱数据,分析太赫兹光谱,基于BP神经网络建立木材识别模型,比较模型预测的正确率。发现木材样品太赫兹光谱因为径向变异和不同切面而存在差异,预测样品与建模样品径向部位相同时和不同时的模型预测正确率差异较小,最高正确率达到96.25%,预测样品与建模样品切面相同时和不同时的正确率差异较大。结果表明,基于太赫兹时域光谱技术能够准确实现木材识别,径向变异对木材识别影响较小,不同切面对木材识别影响较大。     

Q235钢—冷模具钢轧制复合刀片的组织性能

本文对Ｑ２３５钢－冷模具钢轧制复合刀片的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明，Ｑ２３５钢－冷模具钢轧制度合界面部位形成了冶金结合，轧制复合刀片的整体力学性能优于整体刀片和焊接复合刀片。     

中国古代几种含氮物质的热处理渗入效果初探

根据文献记载，我国古代有采用含氮物质进行热处理事实，分析了古代渗氮处理的可能性和前提条件，具体实践了几种文献记载含氮物质的渗氮处理。试验结果表明，Lu硝容易升华，基本没有渗氮效果，但可能起到一定催渗作用；硝单独使用渗氮效果也不明显；牛角灰、毛发灰、箬皮灰都有明显的渗氮作用；加硝有促进作用，硝与毛发灰共同作用有显著渗氮效果，并获得了较好的含氮化合物渗层。     

古运河浅埋暗挖超前支护效果影响因素分析

根据浅埋暗挖区工程地质条件和固结注浆原理,分析了超前小导管注浆效果不明显的主要原因,并为改善注浆效果提出了建议。     

中医诊断古文的词性标注与特征重组

中医诊断古文存在大量单音词,使用通用切词技术处理,结果是单个的分词结果,不能构成一个完整的诊断词汇。对此,设计一个基于键值对模型的中医诊断词性标记集,提出基于词汇联系的隐马尔可夫模型（HMM ）,进行词性标注,结合词法分析,采用移进归约算法进行特征重组,生成中医诊断词汇。实验结果表明,改进的 HMM 的词性标注准确率在训练集和测试集中分别提高了2?58％和1?02％,特征重组结果是完整独立的诊断词汇,方便中医人员进行诊断分析,适合构成向量空间模型的特征。     

卫星图像的村落民居Lebesgue测度η值研究

以古民居的分布与发展演变为变量参数所形成的古村落拓扑图,通过对Lebesgue测度计算形成几何拟合数值曲线,在引入优美图优美标号的基础上,形成对村落优美度η的勒贝格测度值,在古村落发育（时间增长）过程中,η值是单调变化的。以徽州地区存在1000年古村落google卫星图像为基础,结合历史文献获得不同年代民居拓扑图,依据上述方法对村落拓扑中优美图进行统计量化,定义出村落优美度值η。结论认为η介于8000左右时,村落民居年代人文分布丰富;而低于6000时村落民居数量发展上升,但人文资料零乱;在700年左右的村落中,η值稳定在9600附近,呈现出古村落的明显拓扑特征。通过村落优美度按年代变化的η值曲线,对村落的（年代）演变做了分析。     

黄泛平原古城“环城湖”与城市防洪减灾

以黄泛平原为研究背景,以该地城内形态相似的“环城湖”为研究对象,通过对其构成要素、历史成因、演变过程、空间格局等方面的研究,探讨了“环城湖”在黄河洪水与泥沙作用下的生成机制与演变规律.认为:古城“环城湖”是特定自然条件下黄河泛滥引起生态环境改变与古代城市营建模式共同作用的结果,在古城营建过程中承担着泄洪、排涝等防洪减灾功能,并在当今城市建设中仍发挥着重要作用;只有充分了解古城“环城湖”的形成过程与演变机制,才能重新认识和定位“环城湖”的当代价值,从本质上把握古城“环城湖”的特色与精华.