利用生物质资源生产1,2-丙二醇技术进展

介绍了1,2-丙二醇的用途和生产现状。1,2-丙二醇可用于树脂、增塑剂等,产品需求量巨大。1,2-丙二醇目前主要由环氧丙烷制得,原料源于不可再生的石油资源。综述了以源于可再生生物质资源的山梨醇、甘油或乳酸加氢制取1,2-丙二醇和葡萄糖发酵生产1,2-丙二醇的研究进展,并探讨了今后的发展前景。     

锰锌铁氧体空心纤维的制备及其磁性能

以柠檬酸及金属盐为原料,采用有机凝胶-热分解法制备出Mn1-xZnxFe2O4(x=0.2～0.8)铁氧体空心纤维.通过Fourier红外光谱、热重-差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分别对凝胶前驱体的结构、热分解过程及热处理产物的物相和形貌进行了表征,用振动样品磁强计对纤维的磁性能进行了检测.结果表明:所得Mn1-xZnxFe2O4铁氧体空心纤维的晶粒尺寸约为10nm,纤维表面光滑、致密,直径在0.5～5.0 μm之间,且具有较大的长径比.纤维的饱和磁化强度和矫顽力以及平均晶粒尺寸都随焙烧温度的升高和保温时间的延长而增大,400℃热处理制得的Mn-Zn铁氧体纤维由于其晶粒粒径小于临界尺寸而表现出超顺磁特征.随Zn含量的提高,纤维的饱和磁化强度先增加后减小,在x=0.63附近达到最大值,而矫顽力在x=0.43左右达到最小值.具有形状各向异性的Mn-Zn铁氧体空心纤维的矫顽力明显高于经相同工艺制得的同组分粉体的矫顽力.     

先驱体转化法制备含锆SiC纤维及其组成

以聚硅碳硅烷(polysilacarbosilane,PSCS)与乙酰丙酮锆为原料,用常压高温裂解法制备了Si-Zr-C-O纤维先驱体聚锆碳硅烷(polyzirconocar-bosilane,PZCS),经过熔融纺丝、空气预氧化、惰性气氛烧成等工艺,制得Si-Zr-C-O纤维.通过元素分析、Auger电子能谱、X射线衍射、核磁共振和扫描电子显微镜等一系列分析测试手段研究了Si-Zr-C-O纤维的组成结构与性能.结果表明:Si-Zr-C-O纤维的元素组成为SiC1.24HxO0.56Zr0.0129(摩尔比),平均强度为2.5GPa,平均直径为11 μm,纤维表面光滑平坦,没出现孔洞、裂纹、沟槽等缺陷,直径均匀.Si-Zr-C-O纤维表层和内部元素组成不同.Si-Zr-C-O纤维为非晶SiC纤维,纤维中包含较多的不定形游离C和O,以不定形SiCxOy复合相的形式存在,Zr则与复合相中的O相结合.     

混杂纤维混凝土增强机理研究综述

分析了钢纤维和有机纤维对混凝土的增强机理及研究方法,回顾总结了目前混杂纤维增强混凝土的研究现状,对其应用前景进行了初步探讨和展望。     

Hollow fiber membrane contactor transient experiments for the characterization of gas/liquid thermodynamics and mass transfer properties

We present results from experiments and numerical simulations of contact between a non-reactive gas (N₂O and CO₂) and a physical solvent (H₂O) occurring in a polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane contactor. The closed-loop liquid flow within the experimental setup provides transient curves representing the progressive saturation of the solvent by the gas. We develop an in-house numerical model to fully characterize the gas/liquid mass transfer both in the non-wetted and in the wetted modes, i.e., when the liquid starts partially wetting the pores of the membrane. Using experiments and numerical simulations, we show that the Henry constant (H) and the molecular diffusion coefficient of a non-reactive gas absorbing into a liquid solvent can be extracted by parameter estimation. Both parameters are obtained within a single experiment at a constant temperature and the comparison with temperature-dependant correlations yields excellent agreement over the whole range of temperature studied in this work. Simulations show a partial wetting of the membrane pore by the liquid meniscus during a contact between CO₂ and H₂O, possibly due to the plasticizer effect of CO₂ inside the membrane contactor fibers.     

Decontamination industrial pharmaceutical wastewater by combining solar photo-Fenton and biological treatment

Characterization and treatment of a real pharmaceutical wastewater containing 775 mg dissolved organic carbon per liter by a solar photo-Fenton/biotreatment were studied. There were also many inorganic compounds present in the matrix. The most important chemical in this wastewater was nalidixic acid (45 mg/L), an antibiotic pertaining to the quinolone group. A Zahn-Wellens test demonstrated that the real bulk organic content of the wastewater was biodegradable, but only after long biomass adaptation; however, the nalidixic acid concentration remained constant, showing that it cannot be biodegraded. An alternative is chemical oxidation (photo-Fenton process) first to enhance biodegradability, followed by a biological treatment (Immobilized Biomass Reactor - IBR). In this case, two studies of photo-Fenton treatment of the real wastewater were performed, one with an excess of H₂O₂ (kinetic study) and another with controlled H₂O₂ dosing (biodegradability and toxicity studies). In the kinetic study, nalidixic acid completely disappeared after 190 min. In the other experiment with controlled H₂O₂, nalidixic acid degradation was complete at 66 mM of H₂O₂ consumed. Biodegradability and toxicity bioassays showed that photo-Fenton should be performed until total degradation of nalidixic acid before coupling a biological treatment. Analysis of the average oxidation state (AOS) demonstrated the formation of more oxidized intermediates. With this information, the photo-Fenton treatment time (190 min) and H₂O₂ dose (66 mM) necessary for adequate biodegradability of the wastewater could be determined. An IBR operated in batch mode was able to reduce the remaining DOC to less than 35 mg/L. Ammonium consumption and NO₃⁻ generation demonstrated that nitrification was also attained in the IBR. Overall DOC degradation efficiency of the combined photo-Fenton and biological treatment was over 95%, of which 33% correspond to the solar photochemical process and 62% to the biological treatment.     

可再生能源在干燥装备中的应用

可再生能源是可以永续利用的能源资源。简要介绍了可再生能源的分类,并重点讲述了生物质气作为干燥热源在干燥机上的应用,同时将生物质气和常用的干燥热源进行比较。可以看出,利用生物质气作为热源,不仅可以减少环境污染,还能够提高农民收入,有着较广的应用前景。     

由木质纤维素发酵乳酸制备生物质塑料的研究进展

综述了生物质塑料聚乳酸(PLA)的发展、乳酸发酵工艺以及木质纤维素原料发酵制备乳酸的研究。     

高压静电纺丝法制备聚酰亚胺超细纤维无纺布膜

采用制备聚合物纳米纤维的一种简易的重要基本方法,即静电纺丝技术,以实验室合成的聚酰胺酸（PAA）溶液为纺丝溶液,采用自制静电纺丝机进行电纺得到PAA纤维无纺布膜。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析技术对无纺布膜的化学结构进行了表征分析;由PAA及聚酰亚胺（PI）无纺布膜的谱图吸收峰对比分析得知,纤维热酰亚胺化的程度是比较完全的;但由相应吸收峰对比分析得知,热酰亚胺化的程度并没有达到100％。     

PET／PC原位复合纤维的微纤形态和力学性能研究

采用“熔融挤出-热拉伸-淬冷”法制取了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）／聚碳酸酯（PC）原位复合纤维,研究了PET的质量含量（Cm）对PET成纤性和原位复合纤维拉伸性能的影响。结果表明：PET和PC是热力学不相容的,但这种不相容性却有利于微纤的形成;随着Cm的增加,PET微纤的数量增多,当Cm30％时,PET微纤数量呈现最大值,微纤直径分布最窄,而后随着Cm的增加,微纤数量减少,微纤直径分布变宽。力学性能测试结果表明,原位复合纤维的断裂强度以Cm=30％为界,先增大而后减小。