一种形式化逆推的逻辑方法

本文讨论逆绎推理的形式化问题，指出这一问题的认知基础，然后证明逆绎推理可通过建立必要性假设来完成；ＮＨ构成了对已有知识订的扩充，必须构造必要性假设理论来捕捉逆绎推理的逻辑特征，本文选择缺席逻辑作为形式化ＮＬ的理论框架，并指出ＮＬ的基本性质。     

几种总氰化物预处理方法的比较及离解机理的探讨

考察研究了９种预处理体系对８种常见金属氰络合物的离解效率，结果表明：有６种预处理体系均能得到较满意的结果。此外，还探讨了预处理体系中金属氰络合物的离解机理，提出了各种存在形式氰化物离解的可能机理。     

Testing process performance based on capability index Cpk with critical values

Process capability index C_pk has been widely used in the manufacturing industry as a process performance measure. In this paper, we investigate the natural estimator of the index C_pk, and show that under the assumption of normality its distribution can be expressed as a mixture of the chi-square and the normal distributions. We also implement the theory of hypothesis testing using the natural estimator of C_pk, and provide efficient Maple programs to calculate the p-values as well as the critical values for various values of -risk, capability requirements, and sample sizes. The behavior of the p-values and critical values as functions of the distribution parameters are investigated to obtain tight critical values for reliable testing. Based on the test, we develop a simple and practical procedure for in-plant applications. The practitioners can use the proposed procedure to determine whether their process meets the preset capability requirement, and make reliable decisions.     

The Octave Illusion Revisited Again.

The octave illusion (D. Deutsch, 1974) occurs when 2 tones separated by an octave are alternated repeatedly, such that when the right ear receives the high tone, the left ear receives the low tone, and vice versa. Most subjects in the original study reported hearing a single tone that alternated from ear to ear, whose pitch also alternated from octave to octave, and D. Deutsch (1975a) proposed an explanation in terms of separate what and where auditory pathways. C. D. Chambers, J. B. Mattingley, and S. A. Moss (2002) argued that the perceived pitch difference generally corresponds more to a semitone and proposed an alternative explanation in terms of diplacusis. This article argues that Chambers et al. used problematic procedures and reports a new experiment on the octave illusion. The findings confirm that an octave difference is generally perceived, and they agree with the model of Deutsch (1975a) but are at variance with the diplacusis hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Using Hazard Functions to Assess Changes in Processing Capacity in an Attentional Cuing Paradigm.

Processing capacity-defined as the relative ability to perform mental work in a unit of time-is a critical construct in cognitive psychology and is central to theories of visual attention. The unambiguous use of the construct, experimentally and theoretically, has been hindered by both conceptual confusions and the use of measures that are at best only coarsely mapped to the construct. However, more than 25 years ago, J. T. Townsend and F. G. Ashby (1978) suggested that the hazard function on the response time (RT) distribution offered a number of conceptual advantages as a measure of capacity. The present study suggests that a set of statistical techniques, well-known outside the cognitive and perceptual literatures, offers the ability to perform hypothesis tests on RT-distribution hazard functions. These techniques are introduced, and their use is illustrated in application to data from the contingent attentional capture paradigm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Associations between evaporative cooling and dust‐mite allergens,endotoxins, and β‐(1 → 3)‐d‐glucans in house dust: A study of low‐income homes

Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low‐income homes. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of metropolitan, low‐income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust‐mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β‐(1 → 3)‐d ‐glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05‐4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P < .01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P = .03). β‐(1 → 3)‐d ‐glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P < .01). Our study suggests that low‐income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air‐conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations.     

MALDI Q-TOF CID MS for Diagnostic Ion Screening of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Samples

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) represent the bioactive components of human milk, influencing the infant’s gastrointestinal microflora and immune system. Structurally, they represent a highly complex class of analyte, where the main core oligosaccharide structures are built from galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, linked by 1–3 or 1–4 glycosidic linkages and potentially modified with fucose and sialic acid residues. The core structures can be linear or branched. Additional structural complexity in samples can be induced by endogenous exoglycosidase activity or chemical procedures during the sample preparation. Here, we show that using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) collision-induced dissociation (CID) as a fast screening method, diagnostic structural information about single oligosaccharide components present in a complex mixture can be obtained. According to sequencing data on 14 out of 22 parent ions detected in a single high molecular weight oligosaccharide chromatographic fraction, 20 different oligosaccharide structure types, corresponding to over 30 isomeric oligosaccharide structures and over 100 possible HMO isomers when biosynthetic linkage variations were taken into account, were postulated. For MS/MS data analysis, we used the de novo sequencing approach using diagnostic ion analysis on reduced oligosaccharides by following known biosynthetic rules. Using this approach, de novo characterization has been achieved also for the structures, which could not have been predicted.     

关于假设检验的一种合理推导

鉴于假设检验在统计推断中的重要地位和学习它的困难度,通过讨论两类错误的产生与控制,结合概率论中的"小概率原理"和逻辑方法中的"反证法",给出了一种清晰简便的假设检验推导和推理方法。该方法适用于一个总体下总体均值、总体比例、总体方差的检验,也适用于两个个总体下总体均值、总体比例、总体方差的检验。检验结果表明,该推理方法简便、自然、适宜推广。     

Facebook: Social uses and anxiety

Research has shown inconsistent relationships between social anxiety and time spent on Facebook, possibly because Facebook’s many activities vary in degree of social interactivity. We examined the relationships between social anxiety, anxiety on Facebook, and social Facebook use. A multiple regression predicting social Facebook use revealed an interaction. Participants with high anxiety on Facebook and high social anxiety reported more frequent social Facebook use than those with high anxiety on Facebook and low social anxiety. A second multiple regression predicting social anxiety showed a suppression effect, indicating that social Facebook use predicts social anxiety only once anxiety on Facebook has been accounted for. These findings suggest that anxiety on Facebook clarifies the relationship between social anxiety and social Facebook use.     

Tritium Isotope Separation by Multiphoton Dissociation of CF3CTCIF

A conception of the advanced water chemistry diagnosis system for detection of anomalies and preventive maintenance of system components is proposed. Extension of anomaly diagnosis knowledge and more reliable water chemistry data are indispensable to the advanced system. Then, correlations between water chemistry (conductivity and pH) change in reactor water and anomaly occurrence in the components of the feed water line are analyzed theoretically. These correlations are verified as applicable to extension of the diagnosis knowledge for anomalies in the components of the feed water line, such as resin intrusion, sea water Leakage at the condenser, and a breakdown in ion exchange capacity of resin at the condensate demineralizer.