AP1000次级汽水分离器分离性能及结构优化的数值研究

建立AP1000次级波纹板汽水分离器内两相流动的数学模型,随后数值模拟波纹板内的两相流动,并分析其分离性能。进而对波纹板结构进行优化,得到具有较高分离效率和较低流动阻力的新型波纹板。首先分别建立波纹板内部蒸汽相和液滴相运动的数学模型。然后通过自编程序与Fluent软件耦合对该两相流动模型数值求解。随后得到波纹板进出口总压降,并通过模拟液滴在波纹板内的运动轨迹,得到波纹板的分离效率和内部液滴湿度分布。进而以分离效率和流动压降为目标优化波纹板结构,设计得到具有较高分离效率和较低流动阻力的新型波纹板。本文提出的数值模拟方法对汽水分离器结构的设计和优化具有较强的指导意义。     

Electro-coalescence of an aqueous droplet at an oil-water interface

The coalescence of an aqueous droplet at an oil-water interface under an electric field has been investigated, with a view to quantify conditions that give rise to secondary droplet formation. Two patterns of drop-interface coalescence may occur: complete coalescence and partial coalescence. The former is obviously the desirable pattern for industrial coalescers. However in practice, the process of coalescence could actually produce smaller droplets, which become more difficult to remove, and hence undesirable. This is caused by either necking, due to extensive elongation of the droplet, or reaction to a fast and energetic coalescence and is referred to as partial coalescence. The volume of the droplets formed in this way has been analyzed as a function of the initial droplet size, electric field strength and the distance between the droplet and the interface. The expansion speed of the neck connecting the droplet and interface at the beginning of the pumping process has also been quantified. These results are useful in optimizing the electro-coalescence process.     

润湿性表面液滴导向运动的研究进展

润湿性表面的液滴操控技术由于其在微流控系统设计、生物医学分析、淡水收集、喷墨打印以及换热器等领域具有广阔的应用而备受学者关注.详细介绍了液固接触和液滴运动的基本理论.综述了近年来国内外学者对于润湿性表面上液滴导向传输技术的研究进展,按不同的润湿性表面涉及的不同驱动力,归纳了液滴在润湿性梯度表面上受表面梯度驱动、在超疏水基底异性轨道表面上受重力驱动、在超疏水表面上受外场驱动的三种导向运动,着重阐述了从理论分析到实验实现润湿梯度表面驱动液滴的发展脉络、超疏水基底异性轨道表面的制备方法、液滴运输实验研究和受光、电、热、磁外场响应的不同液滴驱动传输机制,分析对比了各种液滴传输技术的优缺点.最后,提出了对润湿性表面上液滴做曲线运动过程中深入到离心力、表面张力等影响运输可控性的力学特性研究,展望了耦合多外场结合固体润湿性表面的优化设计,来控制多液滴独立导向运动的重要方向,并简要介绍了未来的应用前景.     

NIR驱动MWCNT修饰的超滑PI光热响应膜表面液滴定向输运

目的 制备多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)修饰的超滑聚酰亚胺(PI)光热响应膜表面,实现近红外光(NIR)驱动液滴定向输运.方法 基于静电纺丝结合喷涂法制备MWCNT修饰的超滑PI光热响应膜表面,分别通过扫描电子显微镜、接触角测量仪、红外热成像仪表征样品的微观形貌、润湿特性及光热特性,分析液滴大小与润滑油黏度对液滴定向输运的影响规律,研究NIR驱动液滴在MWCNT修饰的超滑PI光热响应膜表面定向输运的作用机理.结果 MWCNT修饰PI膜表面的疏水性提高,液滴静态接触角从115°增大至160°.NIR连续照射MWCNT修饰的超滑PI光热响应膜表面90 s,表面温度的最大上升速率为42.6℃/s,表面最大温度达到123.6℃.通过NIR照射超滑PI纳米纤维膜表面,表面局部温度上升,产生润湿梯度力,驱动液滴在表面定向输运.液滴定向输运与润湿梯度力及粘滞阻力有关.超滑PI光热响应膜表面的润滑油黏度相同时,液滴体积越小,粘滞阻力越小,液滴定向输运的速度越快.5μL液滴在润滑油黏度为0.65 mm2/s的超滑PI光热响应膜表面的运动速度最大,运动速度为1.64 mm/s.液滴体积相同时,超滑PI光热响应膜表面的润滑油黏度越大,液滴受到的润湿梯度力越小.5μL液滴在润滑油黏度为100 mm2/s的超滑PI光热响应膜表面的润湿梯度力Fwet-grad最小,润湿梯度力为6.39×10?6 N.结论 MWCNT修饰的超滑PI光热响应膜表面具有良好的光热效应,NIR可精准驱动单液滴及多液滴在表面的定向输运.     

A unified theoretical model for breakup of bubbles and droplets in turbulent flows

Pressure has a significant effect on bubble breakup, and bubbles and droplets have very different breakup behaviors. This work aimed to propose a unified breakup model for both bubbles and droplets including the effect of pressure. A mechanism analysis was made on the internal flow through the bubble/droplet neck in the breakup process, and a mathematical model was obtained based on the Young–Laplace and Bernoulli equations. The internal flow behavior strongly depended on the pressure or gas density, and based on this mechanism, a unified breakup model was proposed for both bubbles and droplets. For the first time, this unified breakup model gave good predictions of both the effect of pressure or gas density on the bubble breakup rate and the different daughter size distributions of bubbles and droplets. The effect of the mother bubble/droplet diameter, turbulent energy dissipation rate and surface tension on the breakup rate, and daughter bubble/droplet size distribution was discussed. This bubble breakup model can be further used in a population balance model (PBM) to study the effect of pressure on the bubble size distribution and in a computational fluid dynamics‐population balance model (CFD‐PBM) coupled model to study the hydrodynamic behaviors of a bubble column at elevated pressures. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1391–1403, 2015     

不同形貌冰棱的融化过程及其对覆冰闪络特性的影响

覆冰过程中沿绝缘子串形成的未桥接冰棱和桥接冰柱是造成融冰期绝缘子串发生闪络的主要因素。为此,根据融冰物理过程,研究了冰棱相变过程中水滴喷射对未桥接冰棱闪络的影响。研究发现:水滴喷射过程缩短了冰板间距,改变了冰棱前端的电场分布,是诱发冰板间隙电弧的重要原因。未桥接冰棱受耐受电压值影响,其闪络过程存在沿冰面放电和冰内放电两种形式。桥接冰柱的初始电弧通常出现在冰柱内部气隙处,其融冰闪络路径沿冰柱内部形成贯穿通道。试验结果表明:桥接冰柱发生闪络需要更多的融冰能量来形成贯通通道,而完成击穿过程,因此桥接冰柱的闪络电压值较未桥接冰棱略高。110 kV全尺寸玻璃绝缘子覆冰闪络试验进一步证明,融冰时液滴喷射会形成沿冰棱和水滴路径的闪络通道。综合以上结论认为,融冰滴水是导致未桥接冰棱较桥接冰柱更易发生闪络的重要因素。     

复合绝缘子弱憎水性状态描述方法Ⅲ——液滴面积法的适用性

寻求合适的方法及参数来描述染污复合绝缘子的弱憎水性状态,对弱憎水性状态给出明确的定义,并对当前已有的7个憎水等级进一步细化。通过10μL靛蓝溶液在染污高温硫化硅橡胶试片表面的垂直投影面积,来反映污层的憎水性状况,并尝试将液滴面积与染污绝缘芯棒的污闪电压建立联系,以揭示弱憎水性阶段憎水性能改变对绝缘子污闪特性的影响。结合液滴在污层表面的形态以及试品的污闪特性,在人工污秽试验的基础上将当前憎水等级HC7进一步细化为四个阶段,分别是HC7A、HC7B、HC7C及HC7D。比较液滴面积、液滴接触角以及喷水分级试验结果,将新憎水等级HC7B定义为弱憎水性状态。试验研究认为:液滴面积法弥补了液滴接触角法在染污试品呈弱憎水性状态下的不足,可以用于弱憎水性阶段的憎水特性研究;而憎水性较强时,面积法对憎水性的辨识能力有限,选用接触角法更适合此阶段的研究。