Mechanical Properties of Porous Materials

Porous materials are commonly found in nature and as industrial materials such as wood, carbon, foams, ceramics and bricks. In order to use them effectively, their mechanical properties must be understood in relation to their micro-structures. This paper studies the mechanical properties of a few common porous materials: carbon rods, ceramics, polymeric foams and bricks. The characterisation of pore structures was performed using a Mercury Porosimeter. Detailed information was obtained on the density, porosity, surface area and pore size distribution. A large number of experiments on either bending or compression were conducted in order to obtain their macro-mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness and strength. Based on the experimental observations, theoretical models were employed to predict the macro-properties from the micromechanics viewpoint. By studying the deformation of pores the global behaviour was calculated. Two simple formulae for the elastic modulus, E, were proposed: for low values of porosity, , E = E⁰(1 – 2) (1 + 4²) where E⁰ is the elastic modulus when the porosity is zero; for high value of porosity such as for foams E = E⁰ (1 – )². The theoretical results agreed well with the experimental ones. The study has provided insights into the mechanical properties of porous materials over a wide range of porosity values.     

Brillouin-Scattering Study of the Elastic Constants of ErVO4

The room-temperature elastic constants of ErVO₄ were considerably smaller than those of isostructural silicate and phosphate analogs. The generally "less-rigid" crystalline lattice and weaker metal-oxygen bond-strength in the RVO₄ (R = rare earth elements) phases indicates that these materials are of interest for potential applications as an interphase component in toughened oxide ceramic composites.     

等强条件下橡胶微粒混凝土抗压特性及弹性模量研究

掺加橡胶微粒可以明显改善混凝土的力学特性。采用橡胶微粒等体积取代细骨料的方法,通过不断调整配合比,反复试验配制出橡胶微粒体积掺量分别为0%、10%和15%的等强度(30 MPa)橡胶微粒混凝土,探讨橡胶微粒混凝土的抗压强度变化规律,以及在等强条件下不同橡胶微粒掺量对混凝土弹性模量的影响。结果表明:掺入橡胶后,混凝土的前期强度(3 d和7 d)发展较基准混凝土变缓,7 d以及14 d后强度出现较大幅度的增长,28 d后各个配比混凝土立方体抗压强度增幅不大;掺入一定量的橡胶后,混凝土的抗裂性能得到了一定程度的改善,橡胶微粒体积掺量越大,试件受压破坏后的完整性越好;掺入橡胶后,混凝土的弹性模量呈现出近乎线性的大幅下降趋势。     

动力试验模型用橡胶集料微粒混凝土力学性能初步试验研究

大型跨海桥梁结构模型试验材料的选择对于模型动力试验至关重要。试验室可实现的微粒混凝土的弹性模量限制了模型的几何比尺。采用橡胶集料等质量比例代替微粒混凝土中砂骨料的方法,通过控制变量法,研究了多种因素影响下的橡胶集料微粒混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量。试验结果表明:对于骨料含量不变的微粒混凝土,水灰比的增大可显著降低其抗压强度和弹性模量。橡胶集料微粒混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量随橡胶集料代替微粒混凝土中砂骨料质量比的增加而呈现一定规律降低。研究成果可用于大型跨海桥梁工程大比尺动力试验模型材料相似关系设计和结果分析。     

Intrinsic Elastic, Dielectric, and Piezoelectric Losses in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics Determined by an Immittance-Fitting Method

The material coefficients of "soft" and "hard" lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics were determined as complex values by the nonlinear least-squares-fitting of immittance data measured for length-extensional bar resonators. The piezoelectric d -constant should be a complex value to obtain a best fitting between observed and calculated results. Because the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric losses determined in this process were not "intrinsic" losses, a calculation process to evaluate the "intrinsic" losses was proposed. It was confirmed that the intrinsic losses were smaller than the corresponding extrinsic losses. The intrinsic piezoelectric loss existed in both soft and hard PZTs; ∼50% of the loss of piezoelectric d -constant was derived from the elastic and dielectric losses. The most notable difference between the soft and hard PZTs was observed in their elastic losses.     

Dynamic response of Ti3SiC2 under shock compression up to 112 GPa

Ti₃SiC₂ is of interest due to its unique dual nature reminiscent of both brittle ceramics and ductile metals at ambient conditions. In this work, plate-impact experiments have been performed to study the dynamic behavior of Ti₃SiC₂ under shock compression up to 112 GPa by using laser velocity interferometer and electric pin techniques. Hugoniot elastic limits (HEL), spall strength, and Hugoniot equations of state have been obtained based on measured particle velocity profiles and shock wave velocities. The ratio of spall strength to HEL for Ti₃SiC₂ is larger than brittle ceramics but smaller than metals. This result indicates that the dual nature of Ti₃SiC₂ remains at least up to 10 GPa. On the other hand, the linearity of the Hugoniot equation of state, $D=6.9\text{0}1(22)+1.153(53)u_{\text{p}}$, suggests that the initial structure of Ti₃SiC₂ should be stable up to 112 GPa, in contrast to the result reported by Jordan et al. [J. Appl. Phys., 93 (2003) 9639].     

A multiscale model for effective moduli of concrete incorporating ITZ water-cement ratio gradients, aggregate size distributions, and entrapped voids

This paper develops a model for the effective elastic properties of concrete, which is a function of the volume fractions, size distributions, and elastic properties of fine aggregate (FA) and coarse aggregate (FA) and entrapped voids. Furthermore, the model is a function of the overall water-cement ratio and specific gravity of cement. Explicitly modeled are the water-cement ratio gradients through the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which, in turn, affect the variation of the cement paste elastic properties through the ITZ, while maintaining the total fractions of cement and water consistent with the overall water-cement ratio. The ITZ volume is also conserved.     

弹性外墙乳胶漆耐沾污性的研究进展

分析了弹性乳胶漆涂膜污染的机理,并提出提高涂膜耐沾污性的措施.