Fabrication and gas-sensing properties of hierarchically porous ZnO architectures

Hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) porous ZnO architectures are synthesized by a template-free, economical aqueous solution method combined with subsequent calcination. First, the precursors of interlaced and monodisperse basic zinc nitrate (BZN) nanosheets are prepared. Then calcination of the precursors produces hierarchically 3D porous ZnO architectures composed of interlaced ZnO nanosheets with high porosity resulting from the thermal decomposition of the precursors. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential thermalgravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses. The BET surface area of the hierarchically porous ZnO nanostructures was calculated to be 12.8 m² g⁻¹. Compared with ZnO rods, the as-prepared porous ZnO nanosheets exhibit a good response and reversibility to some organic gases, such as ethanol and acetone. The responses to 100 ppm ethanol and acetone are 24.3 and 31.6, respectively, at a working temperature of 320 °C. These results show that the porous ZnO architectures are highly promising for gas sensor applications, as the gas diffusion and mass transportation in sensing materials are significantly enhanced by their unique structures. Moreover, it is believed that this solution-based approach can be extended to fabricate other porous metal oxide materials with a unique morphology or shape.     

钡盐产品的研究开发和展望

介绍了国内外主要钡盐产品的研究开发现状和生产状况 ,并且阐述了主要的钡盐产品的应用前景和市场动态趋势     

GPC法测定PAN的平均相对分子质量及其分布

用凝胶渗透色谱 (GPC)测定PAN的平均相对分子质量及其分布。采用宽分布的PAN标准试样 ,在溶剂二甲基甲酰胺中加入 0 .0 4～ 0 .0 8mol/L的NaNO3替代LiBr ,提高了色谱柱的分离效果。用计算机模拟出PAN的GPC校正曲线方程 ,对宽分布的标准试样进行重复测定 ,结果相对标准偏差均小于 3 .5 %。     

新疆罗布泊硝酸盐矿开发利用研究及技术进展

新疆罗布泊硝酸盐矿可分为天然硝酸钠矿和天然硝酸钾矿2种,其中后者包括固体矿和晶间卤水。介绍了利用该地硝酸盐矿生产硝酸钠、硝酸钾的基础理论研究进展及生产技术进展,指出了工艺改进的方向以及需要进行的理论研究工作。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus changes and optimal drainage time of flooded paddy field based on environmental factors

While many controlled irrigation and drainage techniques have been adopted in China, the environmental effects of these techniques require further investigation. This study was conducted to examine the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus of a flooded paddy water system after fertilizer application and at each growth stage so as to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage. Four treatments with different water level management methods at each growth stage were conducted under the condition of ten-day continuous flooding. Results show that the ammonia nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N ) concentration reached the peak value once the fertilizer was applied, and then decreased to a relatively low level seven to ten days later, and that the nitrate nitrogen (NO^-₃-N) concentration gradually rose to its peak value, which appeared later in subsurface water than in surface water. Continuous flooding could effectively reduce the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N, NO^-₃-N , and total phosphorus (TP) in surface water. However, the paddy water disturbance, in the process of soil surface adsorption and nitrification, caused NH⁺₄-N to be released and increased the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N and NO^-₃-N in surface water. A multi-objective controlled drainage model based on environmental factors was established in order to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage and better guide the drainage practices of farmers. The optimal times for surface drainage are the fourth, sixth, fifth, and sixth days after flooding at the tillering, jointing-booting, heading-flowering, and milking stages, respectively.     

硝酸盐质量浓度对微生物燃料电池产电及反硝化的影响

目的研究在不同的硝酸盐质量浓度下,MFC的产电、阴极反硝化情况及阳极COD和氨氮的处理情况．实现产电与阴极反硝化的同时进行．方法阳极以实验生活污水为处理对象,阴极以自配具有一定质量浓度的硝酸盐溶液为处理对象,改变阴极的硝酸盐质量浓度,阳极为间歇厌氧运行模式,阴极为间歇缺氧运行模式．结果 当硝酸盐质量浓度由20-200mg／L逐渐增加时,随着初始硝酸盐质量浓度的增加,亚硝酸盐的积累逐渐增加,最高可达65mg／L,硝酸盐相对去除率几乎没有变化,而硝酸盐的绝对去除率则逐渐减小．硝酸盐质量浓度从20～120mg／L变化时对微生物燃料电池的产电效果基本没有影响,当硝酸盐质量浓度增加到160mg／L时,平均输出电压和最高功率密度明显增加,而当硝酸盐质量浓度增加到200mg／L时,平均输出电压和最高功率密度又明显减少．结论阴极硝酸盐质量浓度为160mg／L时,MFC阳极COD的去除率最高,产电效果最好．     

北京地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下土壤氮素的分布及对地下水影响分析

研究北京粮食作物种植区冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系下不同施氮量对土壤氮素剖面分布、累积量、淋失量的动态变化过程的影响及对地下水的影响等。结果表明在喷灌条件下冬小麦试验季节硝态氮的累积主要在80 cm深度以上;而夏玉米季节,硝态氮的峰值运移到150 cm左右,硝态氮存在明显的深层淋失现象。硝态氮的剖面含量一般随着施氮量的增加而增加。单季施氮量低于110 kg/hm2,土壤氮素处于稍微亏损状态;而施氮量大于220 kg/hm2时,在0～200 cm土层内,硝态氮有明显的累积现象,硝态氮的累积量一般随着施氮量的增加而增加,因此建议该地区年施氮量为250kg/hm2以维持农田氮平衡。考虑到当地的地下水埋深一般在12.5m左右,可以初步得出冬小麦—夏玉米种植对地下水的影响较小,但是长期冬小麦—夏玉米种植施肥将对地下水产生影响。     

基于农田排水氮素流失试验的虚拟实验设计

为反映农田排水及氮素流失的规律,并推进农田排水面源污染实验教学的发展,将影响农田排水氮素流失的因素进行不同的取值,设计出相应的实验方案,利用DRAINMOD 6.0进行农田排水氮素流失的模拟,并将不同结果进行了对比分析,得出农田排水及氮素流失的一般规律.利用可视化编程软件Macromedia Flash和Macromedia Dreamweaver将模拟结果进行可视化处理,制作出了适用于实验教学的软件.DRAINMOD模拟结果较好地反映出了不同因素下农田排水氮素流失的规律,虚拟实验软件操作简单,直观易懂,有利于虚拟实验教学的改进与发展.     

硝酸铀酰光化还原的研究

本文的目的是探讨光化还原制备硝酸钠(Ⅳ)。研制了一个与硝酸钠酰的吸收光谱匹配较好的金属卤化物灯——镓灯作为激发光源,在不另加滤光器的条件下,对几种还原剂的还原能力作了比较,并对乙醇作还原剂时,硝酸浓度、乙醇浓度、初始铀酰离子浓度以及温度等因素对光化还原铀(Ⅵ)到铀(Ⅳ)的还原率的影响进行了研究。     

KNO3/Al2O3催化环戊二烯甲基化反应

研究了固体碱KNO3/Al2O3(KNA)催化合成甲基环戊二烯的反应性能,考察了KNO3负载量、反应温度、反应时间以及酸碱性位中毒等因素对环戊二烯甲基化反应的影响。结果表明,KNO3负载量为质量分数26%时样品的催化活性最高,450℃时能催化转化33%的环戊二烯,甲基环戊二烯的选择性达到86%。催化剂通过原位氧气焙烧除去积炭即可恢复活性。