高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法研究4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮体外模拟代谢作用

烟草特异亚硝胺4-(甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)是一种存在于烟草烟气及烟草制品中的强致癌物,其致癌机理是通过细胞色素P450酶的代谢活化生成活泼亲电试剂,导致DNA损伤,因此,建立NNK体外模拟代谢产物的定量分析方法对于研究烟草致癌物具有重要意义。本实验利用高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联质谱法（HPLC-APCI-MS/MS）对NNK代谢产物4-羟基-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(HPB)进行定量分析。使用选择反应扫描（SRM）模式监测了HPB和内标[3,3,4,4-D₄]HPB,分析方法在0.2~400 nmol/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数R²=0.999 9,检出限(LOD)为0.025 nmol/L (S/N=3),定量限(LOQ)为0.05 nmol/L(S/N=10)。方法的日内和日间准确度为96.6%~101.8%,回收率为98.1%~102.6%。所建立的NNK体外模拟代谢模型可用于烟草特异亚硝胺代谢活化分子机制的研究,为定量分析吸烟致癌相关生物标志物奠定基础。     

Duodenal infusion of glucose decreases milk fat production in grass silage-fed dairy cows

Four lactating dairy cows were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effect of intestinal glucose supply on milk fat synthesis. Glucose (0, 443, 963, and 2398 g/d) was continuously infused in the duodenum over 14-d periods. Grass silage-based diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and met 100 and 110% of energy and protein requirements according to INRA (1989). Mammary uptake of nutrients was estimated through assay of arteriovenous differences and blood flow measurements. Glucose infusions decreased arterial concentrations of acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids linearly and total glycerides curvilinearly. Milk fat yield was slightly decreased (- 52 g/d) between 0 and 963 g/d of glucose and milk fatty acid composition was modified by a marked decrease in long-chain fatty acids and an increase in de novo synthesis. The decrease in long-chain fatty acids, related to the decreased mammary uptake of plasma total glycerides, was likely due to a decrease in lipoprotein lipase and esterification activities. In regards to the evolution of metabolite concentrations in milk, the enhanced de novo synthesis and chain elongation was probably allowed by a greater availability of NADPH synthesized through pentose phosphate pathway. The greatest dose of glucose clearly decreased milk fat yield (-234 g/d). A mammary cell mediated intracellular reaction likely caused a homothetic decrease in milk fatty acids. However, reduced synthesis was not due to a shortage of glycerol-3-phosphate because its milk concentration remained unchanged. In conclusion, changes in exogenous glucose supply, in cows fed a grass silage-based diet, decreased milk fat production and modified milk fatty acid composition.     

Effects of supplementation with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid isopropyl ester on splanchnic amino acid metabolism and essential amino acid mobilization in postpartum transition Holstein cows

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi) supplementation on splanchnic AA metabolism, essential AA (EAA) mobilization, and plasma AA status in postpartum transition dairy cows. The EAA mobilization was calculated by difference: EAA excretion in milk protein − net portal absorption of EAA or net splanchnic release of EAA. Eight Holstein cows fitted with permanent indwelling catheters in the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, mesenteric vein, and an artery in the dry period preceding second parturition were used in the study. Cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factor 1: control (calcium carbonate) versus HMBi [1.5 g of HMBi/kg of dry matter (DM)] and factor 2: high dietary ethanol (19 g/kg of DM) versus high dietary propanol (16 g/kg of DM). Only factor 1 data are presented. Treatments were administered in 4 total mixed rations and initiated on the day of parturition. Cows were sampled 14 d before expected parturition and 4, 15, and 29 d after parturition. Supplementation with HMBi tended to increase milk fat content but not fat yield, tended to impose a slower rate of decrease in milk casein content with increasing days in milk (DIM), prevented the decrease in plasma Met associated with parturition for control, reduced plasma concentration of Ser, tended to reduce plasma concentrations of Gly and His, and tended to increase hepatic uptake of Met postpartum. Cows excreted 248 ± 18 g more EAA in the milk at 4 DIM than was released from splanchnic tissues. The EAA deficiency decreased as lactation progressed and was not affected by HMBi supplementation. It was estimated that 4,700 ± 600 g of EAA from extra-splanchnic tissues were secreted in milk protein during the first 29 DIM. Extra-splanchnic EAA mobilization can be crucial to sustain milk protein yield in the postpartum transition period and HMBi is a fast-working Met source that can improve Met status of postpartum transition cows.     

Infusion of glucose directs circulating amino acids to the mammary gland in well-fed dairy cows

The effect of intestinal glucose supply on mammary utilization of amino acids (AA) was studied in four lactating dairy cows. Glucose (0, 443, 963, and 2398 g/d) was continuously infused in the duodenum over 14-d periods using a Latin square design. A grass silage-based diet was formulated so that treatments (diet + infusions) were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and met 100 and 110% of energy and protein requirements, respectively. Mammary AA uptake was determined by arteriovenous difference and continuous blood flow measurement. The milk protein yield tended to be quadratically increased (to +88 g/d for 963 g of glucose) by glucose infusion, but milk protein content was not significantly affected. Treatments did not change significantly arterial concentrations of urea and glucogenic AA. Mammary arterial fluxes of essential AA increased linearly with glucose infusion, whereas fluxes of nonessential and glucogenic AA were not significantly affected. Mammary arteriovenous differences and extraction rates were roughly unchanged by treatments. Mammary uptake of all essential AA, excluding Arg and Val, increased linearly with increasing supply of glucose. Ratio of blood AA uptake to milk protein output increased significantly for His, Met, and Leu. For the highest infused dose of glucose, all AA except for His were taken up in excess relative to their secretion in milk. Based on evolution of extraction rate and ratio of uptake to output, His and Leu could have limited the milk protein yield response to glucose infusions.     

高温肉制品杂环胺防控及体内代谢调控研究进展

高温肉制品因具有独特的色泽、香气及口感而备受消费者青睐。但高温肉制品在高温条件下进行加工,其中的还原糖和氨基酸等会通过自由基途径或美拉德反应生成杂环胺等有害物质。本文综述了高温肉制品中杂环胺形成途径、防控方法及其在体内代谢调控的研究进展,基于此提出在热加工过程中应合理选择加工方式、食用油脂、糖及金属阳离子、天然香辛料及抗氧化剂等;摄入体内后应通过降低杂环胺活性、抑制杂环胺活化过程、酶降低杂环胺遗传毒性、核苷酸切除修复降低杂环胺在体内代谢消化吸收率等方法减控杂环胺在体内的消化吸收,调节杂环胺在体内代谢。本文可为优化高温肉制品加工工艺,促进肉制品行业绿色发展和提高消费者健康水平提供依据。     

饲料添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能和脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究小麦秸秆生物质炭对肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能和脂质代谢的影响。试验选用100只22日龄、健康状况良好、体重670 g左右的罗斯308肉鸡,随机分成4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂添加1%、5%和10%小麦秸秆生物质炭的基础日粮,试验期33 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加5%的小麦秸秆生物质炭肉鸡的平均日增重增加10.12%(P0.05);胸肌率提高23.42%(P0.05);添加5%和10%的小麦秸秆生物质炭肉鸡的腹脂率分别降低31.44%和23.02%(P0.05);试验组肉鸡的料重比均在一定程度上低于对照组,但无显著差异(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,添加5%的小麦秸秆生物质炭显著降低肉鸡血清总胆固醇含量(P0.05);试验组显著降低肉鸡血清三酰甘油含量(P0.05),但对肉鸡血清葡萄糖、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P0.05);3)虽然添加小麦秸秆生物质炭增加了单位饲料成本,但添加1%和5%小麦秸秆生物质炭试验组每千克肉鸡增重饲料成本分别比对照组降低8%和6%。因此,饲料添加一定量的小麦秸秆生物质炭可以减少肉鸡腹脂沉积,降低血清总胆固醇和三酰甘油含量,在一定程度上有助于改善肉鸡的屠宰性能和生产性能。     

药膳中芦丁的吸收利用与护肝健康功效研究进展

肝脏是机体代谢、营养运输和排毒解毒的重要器官,对维持机体健康起着重大作用。目前,由于快节奏生活方式、不良生活习惯或外源应激所致肝疾病患者的人数日益增长,严重影响人们的生活质量。芦丁是一种常见于药膳植物中的黄酮类化合物,因其安全且具有良好的护肝等生物活性备受关注。但黄酮类化合物很难被机体直接吸收用于保护肝脏,需经肠道代谢后才能被机体吸收发挥其生物活性。目前关于芦丁活性的研究论文和综述报道不少,但近20年来鲜有文章系统地回顾有关芦丁的代谢、吸收与护肝作用机制之间的联系。本文以“芦丁”、“肠”和“肝”为关键词,通过检索国内外专业学术网站,重点归纳总结了芦丁的代谢、吸收与利用途径,以及芦丁在护肝健康功效作用方面的相关研究进展并进行了展望,以期为将来芦丁的护肝功能食品的开发提供科学依据。     

Effects of breed,farm intensiveness,and cow productivity on infrared predicted milk urea

Milk urea content is receiving growing interest from science and industry as a tool to infer the protein adequacy of dairy cows' diets, nitrogen excretion and its environmental impact, and efficiency of animals' protein metabolism. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) prediction is a high-throughput method for rapidly and cheaply evaluating milk urea content at the population level. Existing knowledge of the major sources of variation (e.g., year, season, farming system, individual herd, and the cow's breed, parity, stage of lactation, and productive potential) is fragmentary. The objective of this work was to study at the population level the simultaneous effects of all the major sources of variation and their most important interactions. Milk urea content in 1,759,706 test day milk samples collected from 291,129 lactations of 115,819 cows from 6,430 herds over 8 yr was predicted by FTIR. The milk urea content data (and also milk protein percentage, for comparison) were analyzed using a linear model that included the effects of parity, days in milk (DIM) class, year, month, herd intensiveness level, cow productivity level, breed, and herd intensiveness and cow productivity levels within breed. All sources of variation of milk urea content proved highly significant, the most important in terms of F-value being breed > year > herd intensiveness level > parity. The ranking for milk protein was very different (DIM class > herd intensiveness level > parity > breed). The patterns of the least squares means for urea and protein contents of milk were also very different and sometimes contrasting. The seasonal variation in urea was sinusoidal. Urea content increased during the first 4 mo of lactation and then remained almost stable before decreasing after 11 mo. Specialized dairy breeds had lower average milk urea content than dual-purpose breeds; in the former case it was lower in Holsteins than in Brown Swiss, and in the latter it was lower in Simmentals than in Alpine Greys. The effect of herd intensiveness level was much stronger than the effect of cow productivity level; the increase in milk urea with increasing herd average daily milk yield was almost linear in the case of dairy breeds but curvilinear in dual-purpose breeds. The large differences in breed and the modest relationships with the cow's productive potential require further analysis at the genetic level to obtain information of potential use in genetic improvement of the dairy cow populations.     

采后“乌叶”和“兰竹”荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性研究

果皮褐变是影响采后荔枝果实品质和货架期最重要的因素。本文比较研究了在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性及其与酚类物质代谢的关系。结果表明:与"兰竹"荔枝果实相比,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变,贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮褐变指数显著低于"兰竹";"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量高于"兰竹",而多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则低于"兰竹"。贮藏期间,荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量和PPO活性不断下降,而POD活性则不断上升,但在同一贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量都高于"兰竹",而PPO和POD活性则低于"兰竹"。据此认为,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变与其保持较低的果皮PPO和POD活性而减少果皮花色素苷、总酚和类黄酮含量的下降有关。