基于文献计量学的屋顶绿化研究综述

借助CNKI和Web of ScienceTM数据库,利用文献计量学方法对近几十年来国内外发表的屋顶绿化文献进行了定量分析,综述了屋顶绿化研究的现状、前景和面临的挑战。通过构建CNKI总量和核心期刊2个数据库,发现屋顶绿化研究涵盖多个领域,呈现多学科参与的特点。2011年之前文献数量一直呈总体增加趋势,但最近2年则逐年减少。对SCI期刊数据库最近12年的文献检索发现,其年文献数量始终在增长,且研究重点逐步聚焦到生态与环境问题上,而不仅是屋顶本身。可为国内未来屋顶绿化的研究提供参考。     

植物园今昔谈

植物园16世纪起源于意大利,我国建立植物园的历史不足百年,至今全国已有植物园近200所,为植物科学的发展与提高起到一定的作用。先期为弄清国产植物,出版巨著《中国植物志》,为植物园打下"引种、驯化"的分类学基础,贡献很大。后期为"生物多样性"的号召而为保护物种、迁地保护的任务作出应有的努力,尤其在现代化城市中,植物园已经成为丰富多彩的科学普及园地。     

上海新城镇生态景观河道：临港新城书院镇黄华港构建措施

临港新城面临大规模的城镇化发展,而其河道生态系统存在自身脆弱性、水生植物严重缺失、污染负荷的增加使水体富营养化趋势明显等状况,故新城镇河道生态化治理不能照搬中心城区的模式。以黄华港为例,从生态护岸的构建和水生植物的重建与恢复、兼岸线改造与亲水功能等角度,论述上海中小型河道生态景观的构建模式和应用措施。     

Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Species Richness of Orthoptera in the Greater London Area,United Kingdom: Relationships with Land Cover

This paper explores species richness of insects of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) along spatial gradients defined using remotely sensed land cover data for an area of 5600?km² centred on the city of London. The number of species within grid-squares of a national atlas, controlled for recording effort, declined along composite multivariate spatial gradients representing landscapes with increasing dominance of arable and urban land uses, yet was uncorrelated with the area of an individual land cover representing cultivated land, and only weakly correlated with a second land cover representing urban development. Few orthopteran species reside directly within either arable crops or non-vegetated urban land covers. Thus, whilst the areas of the individual land covers are intuitively sensible (and simple) measures of agricultural and urban cover respectively, their areas do not capture ecologically relevant information about variation in the composition of the uncultivated and non-urban land cover matrices within which the species actually reside. The results illustrate the advantages of using multivariate data reduction techniques (such as the Principle Components Analysis applied here) to describe spatial gradients in the extent of agricultural and urban influence. Relatively few landscape scale studies have focused on insects and the present study illustrates a) the potential for using Orthoptera to explore issues of biodiversity in the landscape and to monitor impacts of land use via analysis of large-scale spatial patterns from national species distribution atlases combined with remotely sensed land cover, and b) the importance of selecting appropriate measures of land use which incorporate information on the complex mix of land cover types utilised by the species under investigation.     

岭南生态社区的绿地生物多样性提升规划设计

岭南地区生物潜力巨大,文章选取位于岭南核心地区的电子七所社区作为参与式生态社区改造示范点,通过构建空中绿廊、营造隐蔽生境、打造湿地系统等生态工程技术手段,结合公众参与等措施,探讨了如何在城市社区规划尺度上丰富绿地生物多样性,提升社区的生态服务功能。     

Great Lakes coastal fish habitat classification and assessment

Basin-scale assessment of fish habitat in Great Lakes coastal ecosystems would increase our ability to prioritize fish habitat management and restoration actions. As a first step in this direction, we identified key habitat factors associated with highest probability of occurrence for several societally and ecologically important coastal fish species as well as community metrics, using data from the Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework (GLAHF), Great Lakes Environmental Indicators (GLEI) and Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program (CWMP). Secondly, we assessed whether species-specific habitat was threatened by watershed-level anthropogenic stressors. In the southern Great Lakes, key habitat factors for determining presence/absence of several species of coastal fish were chlorophyll concentrations, turbidity, and wave height, whereas in the northern ecoprovince temperature was the major habitat driver for most of the species modeled. Habitat factors best explaining fish richness and diversity were bottom slope and chlorophyll a. These models could likely be further improved with addition of high-resolution submerged macrophyte complexity data which are currently unavailable at the basin-wide scale. Proportion of invasive species was correlated primarily with increasing maximum observed inorganic turbidity and chlorophyll a. We also demonstrate that preferred habitat for several coastal species and high-diversity areas overlap with areas of high watershed stress. Great Lakes coastal wetland fish are a large contributor to ecosystem services as well as commercial and recreational fishery harvest, and scalable basin-wide habitat models developed in this study may be useful for informing management actions targeting specific species or overall coastal fish biodiversity.     

Chilika Lagoon: Restoring ecological balance and livelihoods through re-salinization

This paper reviews the past and present conditions and management of Chilika Lagoon, the largest lagoon on India's eastern coast. Spatial and temporal salinity gradients, because of freshwater river inflow and seasonal seawater influx, have created unique characteristics of an estuarine ecosystem, and exercised a continuous, selective influence on the biota. Unfortunately, its biodiversity and the livelihoods that depend on it were being lost at a fast rate because of a blockage of the lagoon's mouth by silt coming from upstream catchments, as well as oceanic long‐shore transport. Projects to restore the dynamic characteristics of the lagoon included dredging a new mouth to the ocean, as well as prevention of soil erosion in upstream areas. Management efforts resulted in a dramatic revival of this ecosystem, and contributed to a sharp rise in the incomes of fisherfolk. The institutional aspects of implementing such large‐scale policy changes also are discussed, and the remaining issues and lessons learned are presented.     

土地综合整治生态景观营造对策

目前,中国土地整治正在经历由传统土地整理向土地综合整治、山水林田湖草生态保护和修复转型的重要时期。在分析中国土地整治发展和挑战的基础上,借鉴国内外生态修复和资源保护的研究和实践,探讨土地综合整治生态景观营造对策。在战略层面,要提高对生命共同体系统观和生命观的认识,推进生物多样性保护、绿色基础设施规划,恢复和提升农业景观生态系统服务,提升乡村景观特征,加强生态修复,提高生态弹性。在土地整治项目和工程技术层面,应用不同利益相关者参与、多目标协同的综合景观管理方法,研发与实践生态景观化工程技术,逐步建立以农户为主体并通过资金补贴的土地生态管护制度,以期推进山水林田湖草生命共同体生态保护和修复的研究和实践探索。     

生物多样性背景下城市动物生境营建的策略与方法

【目的】当前城市化进程的加快对于生物多样性提出了严峻考验,梳理动物生境营建的策略与方法,可为城市生物多样性和绿地生态服务功能提升提供借鉴。【方法】通过综述国内外城市动物生境研究现状,以城市生物多样性保护和提升为导向,探讨动物的生境偏好特征,总结城市动物生境营建的策略和方法。【结果】提出了“要素调查—营建内容—生境管理”的城市动物生境营建基本内容。1）要素调查：以鸟类、小型哺乳类和两栖类动物作为目标类群,调查物种资源和生境资源以明确生态本底信息,并根据动物的生境偏好分析,总结食源地、水源地和庇护地的环境特征。2）营建内容：从植被营建、水体营造和设施构建3个方面,提出城市动物生境的营建方法。3）生境管理：指出持续开展生态监测与游憩管理,有助于设计者或管理者更好地改进优化动物生境。【结论】上述基本内容可为城市生物多样性保护和提升提供理论支撑,也可作为风景园林与生态实践相结合的重要指导依据。对于城市动物栖息环境的优化建设、城市绿色空间生态功能的发挥和可持续发展具有重要意义,具有理论借鉴及规划参考的双重价值。     

城市生物多样性保护研究述评

城市生物多样性保护是维护城市生态安全的必然要求,是中国新型城镇化发展的紧迫任务。系统梳理国内外相关研究对中国开展城市生物多样性保护具有重要意义。通过对英文文献、中文文献的对比与评述,一方面从历时性角度梳理了相关研究的发展历程,总结了文献发表特征和关键词演变特征;另一方面从共时性角度出发,对关键影响因素、科学评估、分布格局、规划策略、设计策略、管理策略6个方面分析了文献研究现状,阐述了基础性研究和应用性研究所取得的进展。在此基础上,分别从研究对象、研究内容、研究维度3个方面比较了中外研究的差异,总结了中国研究的欠缺,并提出未来的拓展重点,为今后开展相关研究提供依据。