The promise of fuel cell-based automobiles

Fuel cell-based automobiles have gained attention in the last few years due to growing public concern about urban air pollution and consequent environmental problems. From an analysis of the power and energy requirements of a modern car, it is estimated that a base sustainable power ofca. 50 kW supplemented with short bursts up to 80 kW will suffice in most driving requirements. The energy demand depends greatly on driving characteristics but under normal usage is expected to be 200 Wh/km. The advantages and disadvantages of candidate fuel-cell systems and various fuels are considered together with the issue of whether the fuel should be converted directly in the fuel cell or should be reformed to hydrogen onboard the vehicle. For fuel cell vehicles to compete successfully with conventional internal-combustion engine vehicles, it appears that direct conversion fuel cells using probably hydrogen, but possibly methanol, are the only realistic contenders for road transportation applications. Among the available fuel cell technologies, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells directly fueled with hydrogen appear to be the best option for powering fuel cell vehicles as there is every prospect that these will exceed the performance of the internal-combustion engine vehicles but for their first cost. A target cost of $ 50/kW would be mandatory to make polymer-electrolyte fuel cells competitive with the internal combustion engines and can only be achieved with design changes that would substantially reduce the quantity of materials used. At present, prominent car manufacturers are deploying important research and development efforts to develop fuel cell vehicles and are projecting to start production by 2005.     

High accuracy path tracking for vehicles in presence of sliding: Application to farm vehicle automatic guidance for agricultural tasks

When designing an accurate automated guidance system for vehicles, a major problem is sliding and pseudo-sliding effects. This is especially the case in agricultural applications, where five-centimetre accuracy with respect to the desired trajectory is required, although the vehicles are moving on slippery ground. It has been established that RTK GPS was a very suitable sensor to achieve automated guidance with such high precision: several control laws have been designed for vehicles equipped with this sensor, and provide the expected guidance accuracy as long as the vehicles do not slide. In previous work, further control developments have been proposed to take sliding into account: guidance accuracy in slippery environments has been shown to be preserved, except transiently at the beginning/end of curves. In this paper, the design of this control law is first recalled and discussed. A Model Predictive Control method is then applied in order to preserve accuracy of guidance even during these curvature transitions. Finally, the overall control scheme is implemented, and improvements with respect to previous guidance laws are demonstrated through full-scale experiments.     

我国电力光缆应用和市场的发展及问题

追溯了我国电力光缆应用的发展过程，讨论了在市场和产业的形成、发展中所出现的问题。     

Design and evaluation of an active electromechanical wheel suspension system

This paper presents an electromechanical wheel suspension, where the upper arm of the suspension has been provided with an electric levelling and a damper actuator, both are allowed to work in a fully active mode. A control structure for the proposed suspension is described. The complex design task involving the control of the electric damper and its machine parameters is tackled by genetic optimisation. During this process, these parameters are optimised to keep the power dissipation of the electric damper as low as possible, while maintaining acceptable comfort and road-holding capabilities. The results of the evaluations carried out demonstrate that the proposed suspension can easily adopt its control parameters to obtain a better compromise of performance than that offered by passive suspensions. If the vehicle is to maintain acceptable performance during severe driving conditions, the damper has to be unrealistically large. However, if the electric damper is combined with a hydraulic damper, the size of the electric damper is significantly reduced. In addition, the design of the electric damper with the suggested control structure, including how it regenerates energy, is discussed.     

Energy storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles

Powertrain hybridization as well as electrical energy management are imposing new requirements on electrical storage systems in vehicles. This paper characterizes the associated vehicle attributes and, in particular, the various levels of hybrids. New requirements for the electrical storage system are derived, including: shallow-cycle life, high dynamic charge acceptance particularly for regenerative braking and robust service life in sustained partial-state-of-charge usage. Lead/acid, either with liquid or absorptive glass-fibre mat electrolyte, is expected to remain the predominant battery technology for 14 V systems, including micro-hybrids, and with a cost-effective battery monitoring system for demanding applications. Advanced AGM batteries may be considered for mild or even medium hybrids once they have proven robustness under real-world conditions, particularly with respect to cycle life at partial-states-of-charge and dynamic charge acceptance. For the foreseeable future, NiMH and Li-ion are the dominating current and potential battery technologies for higher-functionality HEVs. Li-ion, currently at development and demonstration stages, offers attractive opportunities for improvements in performance and cost. Supercapacitors may be considered for pulse power applications. Aside from cell technologies, attention to the issue of system integration of the battery into the powertrain and vehicle is growing. Opportunities and challenges for potential “battery pack” system suppliers are discussed.     

组合拱式管桥计算机模拟设计

本文在已有成果资料的基础上，为组合拱式管桥的设计建立了常规设计表达式，并研制出组合拱式管桥计算机模拟的程序软件ＣＡＰＢＤ。该软件具有以下计算功能：（１）计算组合管拱的几何特征参数；（２）计算组合管拱自重和组合拱式管桥的竖向荷载及其材料费用；（３）分析和计算各种载荷作用下组合拱式管桥的内力；（４）组合拱式管桥各控制截面强度校核、稳定性验算以及拱支墩稳定性验算和地基承载力强度校核。     

Vegetation Change in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands: Deviation from the Historical Cycle

Water-level change is integral to the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, and many studies document predictable relationships between vegetation and water level. However, anthropogenic stressors, such as invasive species, land-use change, and water-level stabilization, interact to shift the historical cycle (of native vegetation migration up- and down-slope) toward dominance by invasive Typha species. Knowing from earlier studies that water-level stabilization alters the historical vegetation cycle, we asked if similar shifts can occur where water levels are not stabilized. Using historical aerial photographs of three coastal wetlands (in Lake Michigan's Green Bay, Wisconsin), we determined that habitat dominated by Typha species has expanded to eliminate wet meadow habitat. Between 1974 and 1992, linear regressions showed strong, significant relationships of both meadow area (R² ≥ 0.894; p < 0.02) and marsh area (R² ≥ 0.784; p < 0.05) to water level in all three wetlands. In 2000, meadow area was below that predicted by the historical pattern due to the landward advance of marsh habitat during a year of decreasing water levels. In the same period, land use in the wetland watersheds converted from agriculture to urban. Urbanization and the replacement of native Typha latifolia by the invasive hybrid Typha xglauca may have overwhelmed the beneficial impact of water-level fluctuation. The documentation of vegetation shifts, as herein, is an essential step in the process of preserving and restoring ecological integrity.     

车联网中基于轨迹预测的无人机动态协同优化覆盖算法

针对城市车联网中出现的基站覆盖空洞及局部流量过载等问题,提出了一种基于车辆轨迹预测信息的动态预部署方案。首先,为了训练得到统一的seq2seq-GRU轨迹预测模型,多个携带边缘计算服务器的无人机在分布式联邦学习与区块链的架构下,去除中心聚合节点,采取改进的Raft算法,在每轮训练中根据贡献数据量的大小,选举得到节点来完成参数聚合及模型更新任务。其次,基于模型预测结果,提出了一种改进的虚拟力向导部署算法,通过各虚拟力来引导无人机进行动态地部署以提升车辆的接入率及通信质量。仿真结果表明,提出的训练架构能够加速模型的训练,部署算法在提升车辆接入率的同时提升了车辆与无人机之间的通信质量。     

安全高效矿井监控关键技术研究

提出安全高效矿井应采用先进可靠的监控技术,实现供电、排水、通风、压风、运输、提升、瓦斯抽采等固定岗位无人值守和地面远程控制,综采、综放等采煤工作面少人作业和地面远程控制;提出供电、排水、通风、压风、运输、提升、瓦斯抽采等监控系统应具有地面远程控制功能;提出具有远程控制、报警联动、调度指挥等功能的煤矿调度指挥控制中心;提出整合计算机网络机房、程控交换机机房、调度交换机机房、监控系统机房等的数据中心;提出基于煤层瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量、综合指标、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标、复合指标、R值指标、瓦斯涌出量(根据瓦斯体积分数和风量计算)、巷道位置、微震、地音、温度等及其变化的煤与瓦斯突出预警方法;提出基于WiFi的矿用无线传输接口,以便于互通互联;提出通过分布式光纤测温预警煤炭自然发火,较通过监测CO等煤炭自然发火标志气体更直接、更及时、更可靠;提出根据运煤量实时调整输送带速度:当煤量较小时降低输送带运行速度,当煤量较大时提高输送带运行速度,以提高运输效率,减少设备磨损;提出基于光纤综合保护的供电监控系统具有防越级跳闸、地面远程整定和地面远程控制功能,提高了煤矿供电的可靠性,可实现煤矿井下机电硐室无人值守;提出具有煤岩识别与滚筒自动调高,采煤机、刮板机、液压支架3机联动,记忆割煤,地面远程、顺槽近程、手动控制和紧急停机,放顶煤量和煤矸控制,采煤机和刮板机等大型机电设备故障诊断等功能的采煤工作面监控系统。     

架空乘人装置用隔爆兼本安型控制箱的研制

针对采用继电器控制方式控制架空乘人装置存在维护困难、工作效率低、安全性能差等问题,提出了一种基于PLC控制的架空乘人装置用控制箱的研制方案,介绍了该控制箱的硬件、软件设计及功能特点。该控制箱采用PLC作为控制核心、MT6070I系列触摸屏作为人机界面,实现了架空乘人装置及时停车、急停闭锁、状态及时显示、保护等功能。实际应用表明,该控制箱运行稳定,实现了全自动无人值守运行,提高了架空乘人装置的安全性和可靠性。