Analysis of TRIPS Agreement and the justification of international IP rights protection in the WTO's multilateral trading system,with particular reference to pharmaceutical patents

The entry of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement has seen the developing countries and the least developed countries (LDCs) suffer from the excessive burden of obligations imposed under the Agreement to embrace and implement a higher standard of intellectual property (IP) protection. One of the areas where the impact of the measures is most felt is on accessibility to affordable medicines for frontline treatment of diseases in developing countries and LDCs, where the majority of the HIV/AIDS sufferers come from. This inevitable plight, although well known, and posited by the developing countries and LDCs during the Uruguay round of negotiations, was overlooked. This also necessitated the Doha Deceleration, which does not seem to have addressed the problem. The developed countries have also successfully utilised the TRIPS Agreement's IP rights protection criteria as a benchmark, to develop a much higher IP rights protection agenda through the introduction of TRIPS-plus provisions in bilateral and other multilateral agreements entered into with developing countries. The winners in the game are the patent-holding pharmaceutical corporations, software corporations, media corporations, and the developed countries where they are incorporated. The ones at the receiving end are the developing countries and the LDCs who were promised technology transfer to build a modern economy by the developed countries, but are faced with multiple problems of non-availability of affordable medicines for health care, besides others. This article seeks to study the justification for an extended IP rights protection under the TRIPS Agreement through an analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of the IP rights and the patent regime. It will be argued that the TRIPS Agreement is a major obstacle that the developing countries and the LDCs have been made to face as Members of the WTO (World Trade Organisation), with no end in sight for their miseries, and that the only possible solution is a review or an amendment of the TRIPS Agreement.     

An Interacting Multiple Model Approach for State Estimation with Non‐Gaussian Noise Using a Variational Bayesian Method

The conventional interacting multiple models (IMM) approach for a hybrid system under the Gaussian assumption is limited for most real applications due to the noisy measurements often being in the presence of outliers. This paper aims at accommodating the IMM approach to the non‐Gaussian cases where outliers exist. In the proposed IMM algorithm, the Student‐t distribution is used to model the non‐Gaussian measurement noise. At the interaction step, the mixed statistics of the noise parameter under a Bayesian framework are obtained via a Gamma approximation and a recently reported moments matching method. To address the state noise‐coupled intractability in Bayesian filtering, a variational Bayesian method is utilized to approximate the posterior distributions of the noise and state recursively. The proposed algorithm is tested with a maneuvering target tracking example and is shown to be robust to the outliers.     

GPU加速在第一性原理输运研究中的应用

分子器件中的第一性原理输运计算比普通的密度泛函计算要慢很多,其最根本原因在于密度矩阵计算方法的不同。本文将 GPU 加速应用于第一性原理的输运计算,重点实现相关矩阵运算的加速。测试结果表明,在单次迭代中,对于较大的体系,相对于调用 MKL 库,密度矩阵的运算速度在单个 Tesla M2090 可以提高一个数量级以上,在 Tesla K20m 上则可以提高 20 倍以上,从而取得了很好的加速效果,而且体系越大,加速效果越好。     

计算机网络设计中关系数据库技术的应用

随着信息化技术的发展,计算机网络设计逐渐兴起并讯速发展。在计算机网络设计过程中,其工序相当复杂,因此需要建立与其相关的数据库保障计算机网络设计。关系数据库技术根据数据库中数据的相关性储存、调度数据,从而使其更好地服务于计算机网络设计。本文简要论述了关系数据库的概况、关系数据库在计算机网络设计中的辅助功能,分析了关系数据库技术在计算机网络设计中的基本原理并探讨了它在计算机网络设计中的优势。     

Compressed sensing of superimposed chirps with adaptive dictionary refinement

The compressed sensing （CS） theory shows that accurate signal reconstruction depends on presetting an appropriate signal sparsifying dictionary. For CS of superimposed chirps, this dictionary is typically taken to be a waveform-matched dictionary formed by blindly diseretizing the frequency-chirp rate plane. However, since practical target parameters do not lie exactly on gridding points of the assumed dictionary, there is always mismatch between the assumed and the actual sparsifying dictionaries, which will cause the performance of conventional CS reconstruction methods to degrade considerably. To address this, we model the waveform- matched sparsifying dictionary as a parameterized one by treating its sampled frequency-chirp rate grid points as the underlying parameters. As a consequence, the sparsifying dictionary becomes refinable and its refinement can be achieved by optimizing the underlying parameters. Based on this, we develop a novel reconstruction algorithm for CS of superimposed chirps by utilizing the variational expectation-maximization （EM） algorithm. By alternating between steps of sparse coefficients estimation and dictionary parameters optimization, the algorithm integrates the process for dictionary refinement into that of signal reconstruction, and thus can achieve sparse reconstruction and dictionary optimization simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm effectively deals with the performance degradation incurred by dictionary mismatch, and also outperforms the state-of-the-art CS reconstruction methods both in compressing the signal measurements and in suppressing the measurement noise.     

无线传感器网络拓扑控制的理论探讨

拓扑控制是无线传感器网络中重要的节能技术,并且已经形成了功率控制和睡眠调度两个主流研究方向。针对当前研究工作中存在的问题,对拓扑控制进行了基础性的研究。全面地考虑了网络的通信能耗和空闲能耗,在理想情况下给出了以最小化能耗为目标的拓扑控制问题的一个明确定义;证明了这个问题是NP-难的,同时非形式化地讨论了更实际的拓扑控制问题的计算复杂性;并且在此基础上,进一步提出了关于如何设计能量高效的拓扑控制协议的3个必要性原则。希望本研究成果有助于探索更好的拓扑控制协议。     

三维复杂曲面的手绘生成方法

为便于用户在概念设计时快速进行三维形状设计,将变分隐式曲面表示与手绘草图相结合,提出一种三维复杂曲面的交互生成方法.该方法分别采用膨胀变换、曲线交叉变换和弯曲变换,将轮廓、截面和骨架等3种交互笔画扩展生成三维约束点,支持用户以手绘草图方式来控制生成三维曲面的形状;通过对变分隐式曲面函数的局部化来实现曲面混合,保证三维复杂曲面交互生成的实时性.实验结果表明:文中方法能生成多种不同形状的三维复杂曲面,可有效地支持三维复杂形状的"分而治之"构造过程.     

编译原理教学中创造性思维能力的培养

阐述了在编译原理教学中,从调动内驱力、提倡发散思维、提倡探究学习、培养抽象思维四个方面入手,加强学生创造性思维能力的培养,给出了教学实施的具体步骤和方法。多年的教学实践证明,达到了预期的目的。     

隐式曲面上两相图像分割的变分水平集方法

在平面图像分割的Chan-Vese模型基础上,提出隐式曲面上两相图像分割模型。用静态水平集函数的零水平集表达图像所在的闭合曲面,用另一动态水平集函数的零水平集与静态水平集函数零水平集的交线表达静态曲面上图像分割的动态轮廓线。所研究模型的能量泛函的数据项即为曲面上两分割区域的图像强度与对应区域平均图像强度的差的平方,其轮廓线长度项为两水平集函数的零水平集交线的长度。为避免动态水平集函数的重新初始化,在能量泛函中引入水平集函数为符号距离函数的约束惩罚项。通过变分方法得到图像分割空间轮廓线演化的梯度降方程。通过显式差分格式对演化方程进行离散。实验结果表明,该模型能有效实现复杂封闭曲面上图像的两相分割。     

隐式曲面上图像扩散的高阶模型

用零水平集函数表达3维曲面,应用曲面上图像梯度的切投影表达其内蕴梯度,把基于梯度的图像扩散变分模型从平面图像拓展到了隐式曲面上的图像处理。基于内蕴梯度的变分模型对曲面上的图像进行扩散的同时可有效地保持其边缘,但像平面图像扩散的变分模型一样会在本该光滑的区域产生明显的阶梯效应。为消除阶梯效应,引入内蕴散度建立了基于内蕴梯度和内蕴散度的隐式曲面上图像扩散的变分模型,并以TV (total variation) 模型、PM(peronamalik)模型为例对所提出的模型的有效性进行了数值验证,实验结果表明该类模型在保持图像边缘的同时可以有效地抑制阶梯效应。