The greenhouse effect; Impact upon and the role to be played by construction

The authors highlight several possible ways in which the construction industry could lower present emissions of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide. It is an excellent discussion document and is recommended reading.     

无线传感器网络在温室环境监测中的应用研究

以温室环境监测为应用背景,分析温室环境监控的特点,给出温室环境监控的系统体系结构,并结合温室监控的具体应用提出节能的数据融合算法,仿真实验表明该算法能有效提高节点能量的利用率和延长网络生命周期。     

Layout Optimization for Greenhouse WSN Based on Path Loss Analysis

When wireless sensor networks (WSN) are deployed in the vegetable greenhouse with dynamic connectivity and interference environment, it is necessary to increase the node transmit power to ensure the communication quality, which leads to serious network interference. To offset the negative impact, the transmit power of other nodes must also be increased. The result is that the network becomes worse and worse, and node energy is wasted a lot. Taking into account the irregular connection range in the cucumber greenhouse WSN, we measured the transmission characteristics of wireless signals under the 2.4 Ghz operating frequency. For improving network layout in the greenhouse, a semi-empirical prediction model of signal loss is then studied based on the measured data. Compared with other models, the average relative error of this semi-empirical signal loss model is only 2.3%. Finally, by combining the improved network topology algorithm and tabu search, this paper studies a greenhouse WSN layout that can reduce path loss, save energy, and ensure communication quality. Given the limitation of node-degree constraint in traditional network layout algorithms, the improved algorithm applies the forwarding constraint to balance network energy consumption and constructs asymmetric network communication links. Experimental results show that this research can realize the energy consumption optimization of WSN layout in the greenhouse.     

基于ZigBee的温室监测系统的低功耗设计

针对传统温室大棚有线监测系统存在施工复杂、线路多和维护难等缺陷,提出了一种基于ZigBee无线传感网络技术的低功耗温室监测系统的设计方案;通过对系统各部分的能耗进行分析,结合实际情况对传感器节点采用低功耗设计策略;硬件设计上采用低功耗射频芯片和智能开关芯片,软件编写上采用事件驱动方法延长节点休眠时间;该系统能够准确采集温室内光照度、空气温湿度、土壤水分和二氧化碳浓度等环境信息,并具有低功耗、低成本和易扩展等特点;测试结果验证了该方案的可行性。     

Methane Transport Capacity of Rice Plants. II. Variations Among Different Rice Cultivars and Relationship with Morphological Characteristics

Of the total methane (CH4) emitted from a rice field during the growing season 60–90% is emitted through the rice plants. We determined the methane transport capacity (MTC) of rice plants at different physiological growth stages using an automatic measuring system under greenhouse conditions. A total of 12 cultivars (10 inbred varieties and 2 hybrids) were studied in sets of two experiments and was distinguished into three groups according to the patterns of MTC development. MTC is generally increasing from seedling stage to panicle initiation (PI), but differs in the development from PI to maturity. While the hybrid showed a gradual increase in MTC, the inbred cultivars showed either minor changes in MTC or a drastic decrease from flowering to maturity. Among tall cultivars, Dular showed the highest MTC, followed by B40; the lowest MTC was found in Intan. High-yielding dwarf cultivars showed MTC in the descending order of IR72 > IR52 > IR64 > PSBRc 20. New plant type cultivars showed very low MTC with IR65600 exhibiting the smallest MTC at PI, flowering, and maturity. Hybrids (Magat and APHR 2) showed the largest MTC that continued to increased with plant growth. The MTC patterns were attributed to growth parameters and the development of morphological characteristics of the aerenchyma. These results suggest that in tall, dwarf, and NPT cultivars, increase in root or aboveground biomass during initial growth determines a corresponding increase in MTC. Once aerenchyma has fully developed, further increase in plant biomass would not influence MTC. However, in the case of hybrids, a positive relationship of MTC with root + shoot biomass (r = 0.672, p 0.05) and a total plant biomass including grain (r = 0.849, p 0.01) indicate continuous development of aerenchyma with plant growth, resulting in enhanced MTC. In all cultivars, tiller number, but not height, was linearly related to MTC, indicating that the number of outlets/channels rather than plant size/biomass determines the transport of CH₄. These results clearly demonstrate that rice cultivars differ significantly in MTC. Therefore, the use of high-yielding cultivars with low MTC (for example, PSBRc 20, IR65598, and IR65600) could be an economically feasible, environmentally sound, and promising approach to mitigate CH₄ emissions from rice fields.     

煤基甲醇和柴油生命周期温室气体排放评价

利用生命周期评价理论,建立煤基甲醇(coal-based methanol,CBM)和煤基柴油(coal-based Fischer-Tropsch diesel,CBFTD)生命周期评价模型.以全球变暖潜力为评价指标,系统比较以煤为原料生产车用替代燃料FTD和M100两条路线生命周期温室气体排放并重点分析生产阶段温室气体的来源.结果表明:燃料生产阶段为温室气体排放的主要阶段,比例超过60%.在生命周期的上游阶段煤制甲醇路线的温室气体排放比煤制柴油路线少27%,主要原因是能源效率的差别.而从全生命周期来看,由于发动机效率的影响,两条路线的温室气体排放又相差不大.通过对生产阶段碳平衡的计算,揭示了CO2产生的根源,并指出在净化车间增加CO2捕集和储存设备将对整个生命周期温室气体减排起到显著效果.     

小型农作物温室大棚二氧化碳浓度监测系统

针对小型农作物温室环境指标监测的需要,设计实现了农作物温室大棚二氧化碳浓度监测系统。采用STC系列单片机控制,对农作物大棚内二氧化碳浓度进行近距离实时监测,采用TFT彩屏显示实时值和动态曲线,具有阀值调节,超过阀值报警,可实现小型温室农作物的生长环境二氧化碳浓度的实时监控。     

棚膜用聚乙烯的开发与应用

介绍了国内农用棚膜的发展、应用以及功能性棚膜的研究进展。综述了功能性棚膜用基础树脂的生产开发、性能及应用现状。基础树脂对棚膜的耐老化、透光性等性能起着重要的作用。功能棚膜比例不断提高和开发专用树脂是今后的发展趋势。     

基于PLC的智能温室监控系统研究

从PLC角度出发,阐述了智能温室监控系统的主要构成,并对PLC控制软件的设计行进了研究。这方面的研究能够促使智能温室监控系统向更高的水平发展,对我国的温室种植发展起到一定的推动作用。     

采煤工作面瓦斯抽采技术的应用探讨

瓦斯是世界公认的温室气体之一,是矿井生产中散发的一种有毒气体,会直接影响矿井的安全生产。但从能源角度看,瓦斯是一种清洁度较高的能源。因此,引入瓦斯治理技术是十分必要的。就采煤工作面瓦斯抽采技术的应用进行了分析、讨论,希望对相关单位有所帮助。