Evaluating the effects of high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives on methane emissions and performance of dairy cows

We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH₄) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH₄ emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH₄ per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH₄ emissions, whereas CH₄ yield (g of CH₄/kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis-monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH₄ emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH₄ emissions in this study.     

Assessment of coal and biomass to liquid fuels in central Appalachia,USA

Liquid fuels from coal and biomass have the potential to reduce petroleum fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. A multi‐equation model was developed to assess the economics of a potential coal/biomass‐to‐liquids (CBTL) fuel plant in the central Appalachian hardwood region, USA. The model minimizes the total annual production cost subject to a series of regional supply, demand, and other constraints. Model inputs include coal and biomass availability, biomass handling system, plant investment, production capacity, transportation logistics, and project financing. The outputs include the required selling price (RSP) and the optimal logistical decision‐making associated with feedstock requirement, collection, delivery, and liquid fuel production. Results showed that the RSP of Fischer–Tropsch (FT) diesel for a 40 000 barrel‐per‐day CBTL plant with coal/biomass ratio (by weight) of 85/15 was $86.45–87.25 bbl^?1 using different biomass handling systems. The RSP would vary between $86.45 and $89.81 per barrel according to different coal/biomass mix ratios. In consideration of the carbon offset credits due to the addition of biomass, the RSP was adjusted to $84.19–86.74 with respect to four levels of carbon prices. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the RSP of FT diesel was mostly affected by plant capacity, capital cost, coal price, and liquid fuel yield. The crude‐oil‐equivalent price of FT fuels must be above $66 bbl^?1 for a CBTL plant to be profitable in central Appalachia for the long run. These results can help investors/decision‐makers evaluate future CBTL developments in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of geochemical reactions on injectivity of CO2 in deep saline formations

CO₂ geological storage into deep saline aquifers is one of the most promising methods for reducing anthropogenic CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. During the CO₂ geological storage, many factors may affect the final success of actual storage projects, including storability, injectivity, and seal security. In order to investigate the impact of the desiccation phenomenon on the physical and chemical behaviors around the injection well, a series of numerical simulations were performed. Simulation results demonstrated that the geochemical reactions play an important role in the CO₂ injection stage, especially the dissolution of easily soluble minerals, such as carbonates and sulfate.     

气候变化相关标准对我国的影响

本文针对目前国际标准化组织和一些发达国家陆续出台的一系列气候变化相关标准,分析其对我国产业发展带来的影响以及我国在应用这些标准上存在的技术瓶颈。     

OEM汽车涂装车间技术的环境生命周期评价（一）

生命周期评价（LCA）是一种评价产品系统的环境影响和环境权衡的标准化方法。伊士曼化工公司完成了一项＂从涂料到成品车涂装＂的LCA研究,在该研究中,比较了5种有代表性的OEM汽车涂装车间工艺配置的温室气体（GHG）影响和挥发性有机化合物（VOC）排放性能。涂装车间数据由IHS提供。这些工艺配置包括：1）三涂两烘（3C2B）水性（WB）底色漆和1K罩光清漆;2）3C2B WB底色漆和2K罩光清漆;3）3C2B低固含溶剂型底色漆和1K罩光清漆;4）三涂一烘（3C1B）高固含溶剂型底色漆和1K罩光清漆;5）3C1B WB底色漆和1K罩光清漆。本研究的目标是通过比较通用工艺技术类别来帮助理解差异和制定决策。本研究的结论是,3C1B高固含溶剂型工艺可以实现最低的GHG释放量,同时达到欧洲现行的VOC排放限值35 g/m2。但是,如果世界上某些地区的OEM选择不采用VOC减排技术,那么为了达到排放限值35g/m2,需要采用WB技术。这项LCA研究表明,高固含溶剂型技术是对环境影响最小,有利于可持续性发展的技术,建议政策制定者和利益相关者予以考虑。     

反应挤出技术在聚烯烃功能性棚膜生产中的应用

介绍了反应挤出技术在聚烯烃功能性棚膜中的应用现状,结合反应挤出技术的新发展探讨了其在聚烯烃功能性棚膜生产中的应用前景及发展优势。     

设施农业大棚多点温度采集报警装置

对于农业大棚采用单个温度传感器测温不准,难以精准控制的问题,本文介绍了一种基于DS18B20单总线温度传感器的设施农业大棚多点温度采集报警装置的设计.该系统主要由AT89C51单片机、DS18B20单总线温度传感器检测电路、报警电路和显示电路构成.通过Proteus平台的仿真和调试,系统可以把采集到的各点温度值加以运算并且求出平均值,然后在显示器上显示出来,从而可以验证其在实际应用中的可行性.     

CO2探测仪信息处理系统的设计与实现

鉴于CO2气体对气候的重大影响,世界各国针对CO2气体提出了多种遥感观测方法,并发射了多颗光学遥感探测仪器.CO2探测仪是基于大气分子吸收池原理,通过测量CO2和Q的吸收光谱来对大气中的CO2和O2进行观测,提供精细光谱测量结果,而信息处理系统是CO2探测仪获取高光谱分辨率和高信噪比光谱信息的关键部分.详细阐述了信息处理系统的硬件电路结构和软件系统结构,以可编程逻辑器件FPGA为核心进行信息处理系统的设计,完成了对信号的放大、相关双采样、量化、采集和传输等重要功能控制.实验结果表明,信息处理系统输出信噪比达到63.6 dB,图像清晰,工作稳定可靠,实时传输数据稳定,完全满足预期设计,为最终获取大气光谱信息奠定了坚实的基础.     

Life cycle emissions analysis of two nZEB concepts

The net-zero emissions building (nZEB) performance is investigated for building operation (EO) and embodied emissions in materials (EE) for Norway's cold climate. nZEB concepts for new residential and office buildings are conceived in order to understand the balance and implications between operational and embodied emissions over the building's life. The main drivers for the CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) emissions are revealed for both building concepts through a detailed emissions calculation. The influence of the CO₂e factor for electricity is emphasized and it is shown to have significant impact on the temporal evolution of the overall CO₂e emissions balance. The results show that the criterion for zero emissions in operation is easily reached for both nZEB concepts (independent of the CO₂e factor considered). Embodied emissions are significant compared to operational emissions. It was found that an overall emissions balance including both operational and embodied energy is difficult to reach and would be unobtainable in a scenario of low carbon electricity from the grid. In this particular scenario, the net balance of emissions alone is nonetheless not a sufficient performance indicator for nZEB.