Reducing Water Seepage with Anionic Polyacrylamide: Application Methods and Turbidity Effects

Researchers used column and flume experiments with uniform silica sand with and without suspended solids to examine the extent and longevity of hydraulic conductivity reduction (HCR) resulting from three anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) application methods, liquid injection, slurry surface, and granular surface application. Low turbidity (0.4 NTU) liquid injection column tests showed 20–65% HCR, likely caused by an extensional viscosity mechanism. HCR increased as turbidity increased, especially at low PAM concentrations. High turbidity (100 NTU) liquid injection column tests showed 66–77% HCR, likely through surficial PAM–clay aggregate filtration. Column and adsorption tests strongly suggest PAM–sand adsorption does not cause substantial HCR. In low turbidity flume tests, PAM slurry application to the sand surface produced up to 100% HCR, likely through a viscosity mechanism, and granular application to the media surface produced up to 100% HCR, likely through fixed surficial polymer gel formation. Hydraulic conductivity returned to control-adjusted pretreatment levels following PAM application in all tests except granular surface application at high mass loads or with high turbidity.     

Simple Method for the Design of Microirrigation Paired Laterals on Sloped Fields

In this study, a method for designing paired laterals that meet with required water application uniformity on sloped fields was developed using the energy gradient line approach based on the definition of the best submain position locations in which the same minimum pressure exists in uphill and downhill laterals. The best equation form of best submain position was determined. Also, the solution procedure was introduced to get the final solution to avoid the phenomena of no convergence or slow convergence. In this method, the required water application uniformity was used directly as a computational parameter in designing. When the designed emitter discharge, required water application uniformity and one parameter (either length or diameter) of a paired lateral are provided; the system developed here enables another parameter and the best submain position to be determined for any field slope conditions. Taken together, the results of this study show that final solutions can be obtained quickly and reasonably.     

A Precision Audio-Frequency Voltage Regulator

SUMMARY

A circuit is described which, when fed with an alternating voltage whose amplitude may vary, produces an accurately settable, continuously variable output amplitude. The error in the output amplitude is within 0.1% for inputs from 3 V to 7 V rms, between 30 Hz and 4 kHz, and within 1% between 16 Hz and 10 kHz. By connection to this inexpensive circuit, any simple, inexpensive audio oscillator is effectively converted into a multirange, precision-amplitude ac source.     

Analysis of Livelihood Asset Pentagon to Assess the Performance of Irrigation Systems

Abstract

There has been a growing consciousness for the need for a framework that is holistic and comprehensive in the assessment of irrigation system performance. This paper presents the results of statistical tests conducted on the analytical framework developed in Part 1 of the paper to examine whether or not it addresses the important issues of system performance. Information collected from two farmer-managed irrigation systems of Nepal was used to test the validity of the framework. The empirical evidence shows that the framework is valid in identifying and fitting conventionally-overlooked livelihood assets and that it demonstrates differences in farm households' access to these assets resulting in varying performance of irrigation systems.     

红旗陂农民用水协会的组建及灌区管理实践

本文介绍了江西省于都县红旗陂农民用水户协会组建的主要做法和成效，供同行参考。     

Improving water governance in Central Asia through application of data management tools

Contemporary water management decisions use many sources and forms of data. The paper discusses the implementation results of data management activities in the water sector carried out in five countries of the Central Asia region. Geoinformation systems, remote sensing tools and databases have been applied worldwide for improving water resources management with differing levels of success. Water management organisations, equipped with data management tools will have better capacities to adapt their decision-making in the changing availability and scarcity of water resources. Application of data management tools for improving collection, storage and processing of data and information are a first step towards improved water governance.     

淠史杭灌区水稻干旱指标研究

本文利用多种方法,对试验资料进行分析,总结出适用于淠史杭灌区干旱评价的3种指标.     

供水水库群蓄供水次序与调度图双层优化研究

水库群供水规则中蓄供水次序与调度图彼此影响,如何实现二者联合优化是供水调度的难点。为此,提出了供水水库群蓄供水次序与调度图双层优化方法。首先合理拟定不同蓄供水次序,其次求解各次序对应最优调度图,最后通过模拟调度比选最佳蓄供水次序与调度图组合。应用该方法对宝鸡峡灌区六库混联供水系统开展了实例研究。结果表明,若上游水库先蓄水且先供水或下游水库先蓄水且先供水均会增大灌区缺水率、降低供水空间公平性,最优蓄供水次序为上游水库先蓄水、下游水库先供水。较现状调度方案,采用最优蓄供水次序及对应调度图组合可有效缓解灌区缺水状况,缩小分区供水效益的差异。本方法为水库群蓄供水次序与调度图联合优化提供了可行途径。     

中国水量分配研究进展

随着农业现代化发展,新型农业经营主体大量涌现,逐步参加和主导了农田水利工程运行维养,并对传统运行维养模式转变产生了积极影响。通过对新型农业经营主体及供销合作组织参与农田水利工程建设、维养情况,存在的问题和难点等分析,提出了鼓励扶持的意见和建议,为创新农田水利工程运行维养模式,深化农业水价综合改革提供有益的参考。