来流对Al-Cu合金三维树枝晶生长的影响

建立了模拟二元合金树枝晶生长的三维元胞自动机模型,以Al-4%Cu(质量分数)为模型合金,模拟了合金过冷熔体中树枝晶的生长过程,研究了来流对枝晶生长的影响.结果表明,来流对合金过冷熔体中三维树枝晶生长影响显著,迎流侧枝晶尖端生长速度随来流速度的增大而增大,枝晶尖端半径随来流速度的增大而减小;随着来流速度的增大,枝晶尖端选择参数减小;在给定过冷度条件下,随界面能各向异性的增大,来流对枝晶尖端选择参数的影响增强;对于给定的合金(或界面能各向异性),来流对枝晶尖端选择参数的影响随着过冷度的增大而增强.     

Human Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a serious, costly, and persistent health problem with an estimated prevalence in Western countries around 0.5% of the general population; its socioeconomic impact is comparable with that for chronic diseases such as diabetes. Conventional treatment involves escalating drug regimens with concomitant side effects followed, in some cases, by surgical interventions, which are often multiple, mainly in Crohn's disease. The goal of finding a targeted gut‐specific immunotherapy for IBD patients is therefore an important unmet need. However, to achieve this goal we first must understand how dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen present cells of the immune system, control the immune tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract and how their properties are altered in those patients suffering from IBD. In this review, we summarize the current available information regarding human intestinal DC subsets composition, phenotype, and function in the human gastrointestinal tract describing how, in the IBD mucosa, DC display pro‐inflammatory properties, which drive disease progression. A better understanding of the mechanisms inducing DC abnormal profile in IBD may provide us with novel tools to perform tissue specific immunomodulation.     

卵转铁蛋白对树突状细胞功能成熟的影响

目的：探究卵转铁蛋白（ovotransferrin,OVT）对树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DCs）功能成熟的影响。方法：通过混合淋巴反应检测OVT对DCs刺激T淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响,酶联免疫吸附分析（enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测DCs上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白介素12p70（interleukin-12p70,IL-12p70）和IL-10细胞因子含量,Western blotting检测胞外信号调节激酶（extracellular signalregulated kinase,ERK）、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 mitogen activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK）和c-Jun氨基末端激酶（c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK）信号蛋白表达量。结果：OVT可以提高DCs刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力,并诱导DCs分泌TNF-α以及IL-12p70,且呈一定的剂量依赖关系。OVT可能是通过激活JNK和p38 MAPK信号通路以及抑制ERK信号通路上调细胞因子TNF-α、IL-12p70表达,从而促进DCs成熟。结论：OVT能促进DCs功能成熟,对机体的免疫具有调节作用。     

Fe-C二元合金凝固过程枝晶偏析的数值模拟研究

利用元胞自动机法对Fe-C二元合金过冷熔体中枝晶的生长过程进行了模拟,其中明确地将液相溶质浓度与固相溶质浓度区分开,并探讨了冷却速率、液相溶质扩散系数以及固相溶质扩散系数对枝晶偏析的影响规律。模拟结果表明:随着冷却速率的增大,固相中溶质浓度波动不断加剧,且枝晶偏析程度增大,但偏析程度的增大趋势逐渐减缓;当液相扩散系数变化时,液相溶质扩散系数越小,其微观偏析越严重,此外,固相中溶质的波动随液相扩散系数的增大而减小;当固相溶质扩散系数变化时,在枝晶中心附近,微观偏析程度基本保持一致,而在远离中心点的外围区域,微观偏析程度的波动十分明显。     

二苯胺基甲烷为核的树枝状高分子聚合物的合成与表征

合成了二苯胺基甲烷并作为核心材料,采用发散法合成了6种不同支化代的树枝状高分子聚合物。得到各支化代产物的较佳工艺条件为:n(二苯胺基甲烷)∶n(丙烯酸甲酯)=1∶8,于35℃下反应15 h,得到产率最高可达97.8%的0.5 G产物;n(0.5 G产物)∶n(二苯胺基甲烷)=1∶16,于25℃下反应24 h,得到产率最高可达92.0%的1.0 G产物;n(1.0 G产物)∶n(丙烯酸甲酯)=1∶16,于10℃下反应35 h,得到产率为90.7%的1.5 G产物;n(1.5 G产物)∶n(二苯胺基甲烷)=1∶16,于20℃下反应48 h,得到产率为93.7%的2.0 G产物;n(2.0 G产物)∶n(丙烯酸甲酯)=1∶32,于10℃下反应35 h,得到产率为89.7%的2.5 G产物;n(2.5 G产物)∶n(二苯胺基甲烷)=1∶32,于20℃下反应48 h,得到产率为91.0%的3.0 G产物。用IR和GC-MS对合成的二苯胺基甲烷进行结构表征。各支化代树枝状高分子聚合物的结构用IR、分子质量测定、电位滴定和扫描电镜进行表征和分析。结果表明所合成产物的结构与设计结构基本相符合。     

罗非昔布对胃癌细胞上清液中培养的树突状细胞分化成熟和功能的影响

目的：从免疫学角度分析罗非昔布（Rofecoxib）抗癌作用的机制。方法：将人外周血分离的单核细胞加入含重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和重组人白细胞介素的培养液中,随机分为空白组（PBS培养液）,干预组（胃癌细胞上清液＋罗非昔布,150mg/L）,对照组（胃癌细胞上清液）使其分化为树突状细胞（denstritic cell,DC）。混合培养48h后,动态观察DC成熟过程中的形态学变化,流式细胞术检测DC成熟表型（CD40、CD80）,混合T淋巴细胞增殖反应检测DC功能。结果：与对照组比较,空白组、干预组DC的CD40、CD80表达明显在增加（P〈0.05）,T细胞增殖作用明显增强（P〈0.05）。结论：罗非昔布可通过促进DC成熟,并增加DC的免疫活性而发挥抗癌作用。     

Quercetin Administration Suppresses the Cytokine Storm in Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be divided by lineage into myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). They both are present in mucosal tissues and regulate the immune response by secreting chemokines and cytokines. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by a leaky intestinal barrier and the consequent translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the basolateral side. This results in DCs activation, but the response of pDCs is still poorly characterized. In the present study, we compared mDCs and pDCs responses to LPS administration. We present a broad panel of DCs secreted factors, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Our recent studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin administration, but to date, there is no evidence about quercetin’s effects on pDCs. The results of the present study demonstrate that pDCs can respond to LPS and that quercetin exposure modulates soluble factors release through the same molecular pathway used by mDCs (Slpi, Hmox1, and AP-1).     

Probiotic-Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells: A Novel Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are immune-mediated, chronic relapsing diseases with a rising prevalence worldwide in both adult and pediatric populations. Treatment options for immune-mediated diseases, including IBDs, are traditional steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, none of which are capable of inducing long-lasting remission in all patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in inducing tolerance and regulating T cells and their tolerogenic functions. Hence, modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity by DCs could provide a novel, additional tool for the treatment of IBD. Recent evidence indicates that probiotic bacteria might impact immunomodulation both in vitro and in vivo by regulating DCs’ maturation and producing tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) which, in turn, might dampen inflammation. In this review, we will discuss this evidence and the mechanisms of action of probiotics and their metabolites in inducing tolDCs in IBDs and some conditions associated with them.