三峡库区枝状河网水动力过程实时模拟

基于圣维南控制方程组,针对三峡库区朱沱—坝址河段,采用θ半隐方法离散动量方程的水位梯度项,运用欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解动量方程的对流项,利用有限体积法离散连续性方程,结合预测校正法将枝状河网稀疏线性系统分解为若干三对角子系统,建立了一种可实现河网系统速度-压力耦合问题简单、快速及高精度求解的一维枝状河网水流数学模型。选用2005年、2006年实测水位资料对该模型进行率定与验证,水位计算误差一般＜10 cm,流量计算误差一般＜5%,数学模型计算结果与实测资料符合较好,表明模型精度较高。在单核串行效率测试中,模型模拟1 a水流过程耗时约23.7 s,实现了三峡库区枝状河网水动力过程的实时模拟。     

Off‐Stoichiometric Thiol‐Ene Chemistry to Dendritic Nanogel Therapeutics

A novel platform of dendritic nanogels is herein presented, capitalizing on the self‐assembly of allyl‐functional polyesters based on dendritic‐linear‐dendritic amphiphiles followed by simple cross‐linking with complementary monomeric thiols via UV initiated off‐stoichiometric thiol‐ene chemistry. The facile approach enabled multigram creation of allyl reactive nanogel precursors, in the size range of 190–295 nm, being readily available for further modifications to display a number of core functionalities while maintaining the size distribution and characteristics of the master batch. The nanogels are evaluated as carriers of a spread of chemotherapeutics by customizing the core to accommodate each individual cargo. The resulting nanogels are biocompatible, displaying diffusion controlled release of cargo, maintained therapeutic efficacy, and decreased cargo toxic side effects. Finally, the nanogels are found to successfully deliver pharmaceuticals into a 3D pancreatic spheroids tumor model.     

强制性枝晶的侧向分枝

强制性枝晶的侧向分枝的产生和粗化机制是凝固理论尚未解决的基础问题之一。本文首次报告了采用透明晶体模型合金 SCN-4wt%Ace.,实时实地观测的实验结果,真实地描述了观察到的强制性枝晶侧向分枝的产生和侧向扰动发展的非稳态过程,并提出枝晶分枝的比例定律。实验结果和理论分析表明枝晶侧臂的粗化是扩散动力学效应,界面曲率效应和晶体学各向异性效应耦合作用的结果。本文所报告的规律可以用于解释传统凝固和快速凝固过程的组织形成。     

硅钛杂化介孔球负载金纳米粒子及其催化性能调控

以能源开发(如光解水制氢)及环境保护(如有机物降解)应用为目标, 负载型贵金属催化剂在设计、制备及理论研究方面已取得了长足的发展。本工作以具有特异形貌及结构的树枝状二氧化硅纳米球载体为基础, 通过溶胶-凝胶法在其孔道引入二氧化钛纳米颗粒形成硅钛杂化结构。通过有机改性技术, 在树枝状硅钛杂化纳米球表面接枝氨基官能团。然后, 通过浸渍法和硼氢化钠还原手段, 在杂化纳米球孔道负载超细金纳米粒子。不同手段表征结果显示实验成功制备了树枝状硅钛杂化纳米球负载金纳米颗粒复合材料。在模拟太阳光下, 所得催化剂光解水产氢量及速率为69.08 μmol·g^-1和13.82 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 约为对比样催化剂(树枝状二氧化硅纳米球负载金纳米粒子)的7倍。在无光条件下, 其降解对硝基苯酚的表观动力学常数为6.540×10^-3 s^-1, 约为对比样的17倍(0.372×10^-3 s^-1)。由此可见, 设计合成的新型催化剂展现出优越的多功能催化活性。     

Immune cell populations residing in mesenteric adipose depots and mesenteric lymph nodes of lean dairy cows

Inconsistent evidence of inflammatory immune cell infiltrates in adipose tissues with extensive triglyceride mobilization raises the possibility that regulatory or anti-inflammatory immune cell populations reside within the mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). These resident immune cell populations may be involved in attenuating the inflammatory response. We explored the immune cell population of MAT and MLN collected from lean, lactating Holstein cows without apparent disease in an abattoir (n = 42). Lean cows had a body condition score of 2.6 ± 0.1 (mean ± SD) with a greater frequency of adipocyte area occurring in small rather than large adipocytes. Cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies specific to bovine leukocyte antigens for enumeration by flow cytometry. Within both lymph node and adipose tissues, relatively large subpopulations of cells expressed the β2 integrins CD11b and CD11c, class II major histocompatibility antigens (MHCII), and the SIIRP-1α receptor (CD172a) typical of dendritic cells and macrophages. Macrophage/dendritic cell heterogeneity was marked by β2 integrin expression alone or in conjunction with CD172a or MHCII across subpopulations from both tissues; CD209, the DC-SIGN c-type lectin receptor of dendritic cells, was not detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting in either tissue. Lymphocytes comprised 74.1 ± 3.7% and 13.7 ± 3.7% of the MLN and MAT cell populations, respectively, and CD3⁺CD4⁺ lymphocytes accounted for 49.8 ± 9.9% of the MLN and 6.13 ± 1.23% of the MAT cells. Fox P3⁺ regulatory lymphocytes comprised 15.3 ± 1.1% and 6.73 ± 0.52% of the MLN and MAT cells, whereas γδ⁺ lymphocytes accounted for 6.65 ± 0.74% and 3.91 ± 0.43% of the MLN and MAT cells, respectively. Subpopulations of CD3⁺CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells and CD3⁺CD11c⁺ innate lymphocytes were present in MLN but not MAT. These results show that subpopulations of resident tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, T helper lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), and γδ lymphocytes reside in mesenteric lymph nodes and adipose tissues. Balance in the innate and adaptive immune functions embedded in these tissues could support metabolic health.     

Different types of multiple‐synapse boutons in the cerebellar cortex between physically enriched and ataxic mutant mice

Experience‐dependent synapse remodeling is associated with information storage in the nervous system. Neuronal synapses show alteration in various neurological and cognitive disorders in their structure and function. At the ultrastructural level, parallel fiber boutons contacting multiple spines of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex are commonly observed in physiologically enriched animals as well as pathological ataxic mutants. However, the dendritic origin of those spines on parallel fiber multiple‐synapse boutons (MSBs) has been poorly understood. Here, we investigated this issue by 3‐dimensional ultrastructural analysis to determine synaptic connectivity of MSBs in both mice housed in physically enriched environment and cerebellar ataxic mutants. Our results demonstrated that environmental enrichment selectively induced MSBs to contact spines from the same parent dendrite, indicating focal strengthening of synapse through the simultaneous activation of two adjacent spines. In contrast, ataxic mutants displaying impaired motor coordination had significantly more MSBs involving spines originating from different neighboring dendrites compared to both wild‐type and environmentally enriched animals, suggesting that compromising multiple synapse formation may lead to abnormal motor behavior in the mutant mice. These findings propose that environmental stimulation in normal animals mainly involves the refinement of preexisting synaptic networks, whereas pathological ataxic conditions may results from less‐selective but compromising multiple synaptic formation. This study underscores that different types of multiple synapse boutons may have disparate effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission.     

干酪乳杆菌胞外多糖诱导小鼠骨髓来源树突细胞成熟以及分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23

为研究干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）促进体外培养的小鼠未成熟骨髓来源树突细胞（bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）成熟的作用,分析不同剂量的EPS对BMDCs分泌细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β）和IL-23的影响,并检测EPS对BMDCs抗原提呈能力的影响。首先从干酪乳杆菌中分离纯化出EPS,并检测EPS的纯度;把从BALB/c小鼠体内分离出的骨髓细胞分化为BMDCs,未成熟BMDCs分别与磷酸盐缓冲液、不同剂量EPS和脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）体外培养,采用流式细胞法检测了BMDCs成熟表面标记物MHC II和CD86的表达,酶联免疫吸附检测（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法分析了IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23的表达量,CCK-8法检测了BMDCs与小鼠脾淋巴细胞的混合培养体系中淋巴细胞的增殖率。结果表明：分离出EPS的纯度约为95%;EPS能够上调BMDCs表面MHC II和CD86的表达量;EPS可以显著促进BMDCs分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23（P＜0.05）,但促进水平低于LPS;EPS可以明显促进BMDCs刺激异基因淋巴细胞的增殖。综上所述,在体外实验中,干酪乳杆菌EPS能够促进BALB/c小鼠BMDCs的成熟,诱导BMDCs分泌与辅助性T17细胞分化和增殖相关的细胞因子IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23,并且可以增强BMDCs的抗原提呈能力。     

面向入侵检测的集成人工免疫系统

结合入侵检测的实际需求,提出了一种集成人工免疫系统(IAIS)。该系统结合了树突状细胞算法(DCA)和否定选择算法(NSA),DCA用于检测行为特征,NSA用于检测结构特征。通过KDD99数据集实验对该系统进行验证,并与其他方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,IAIS检测性能与经典分类算法相当。IAIS具有不依赖明确标识的数据来训练检测器,可结合行为特征和结构特征进行实时入侵检测的特点。     

镁合金半固态成形的现状及发展前景

从非枝晶组织的制备、二次加热、半固态成形方法等3方面介绍了镁合金半固态成形技术在我国的发展前景。     

代数对芳基苄醚树枝状酞菁硅(Ⅳ)光敏产生单线态氧的影响

光敏剂产生单线态氧的能力是评价其光动力活性的因素之一。采用2,5-二甲基呋喃为吸收剂,通过高效液相色谱法研究了1-3代硝基芳基苄醚树枝配体轴向取代酞菁硅(Ⅳ)单线态氧的生成速率、生成速率常数及量子产率。结果表明,轴向取代酞菁硅(Ⅳ)单线态氧的生成速率和生成速率常数均随着树枝代数的增加而逐渐增大,低代的树枝配体轴向取代酞菁硅(Ⅳ)的单线态氧量子产率较高,这可能与不同代树枝配体对酞菁核的位点分离有关。研究将为开发轴向取代酞菁硅(Ⅳ)配合物作为新型光敏剂提供重要的理论参考。