How do culinary methods affect quality and oral processing characteristics of pork ham?

The influences of three different culinary methods: cooking, sous vide and grilling were studied with regards to quality and oral processing characteristics of pork ham. Besides instrumental analysis of color and textural properties of pork ham, sensory panel with 12 trained panelists participated in temporal dominance of sensations, oral processing analysis, boluses collection, particle size distribution analysis, and saliva incorporation. The results revealed that number of chews, mastication time and saliva incorporation are correlated with textural properties and cooking losses. In‐mouth sensation was intertwined with juiciness, fibrousness and firmness depending on the culinary methods. Cooked pork ham showed highest results for hardness and cooking loss. Firmness and fibrousness were dominant sensory attributes. Sous‐vide results show that firmness and juiciness dominated during the first third of consumption time. This corresponds with textural values for lowest values for hardness and cooking, number of chews and total exposure time. Sous‐vide also resulted in lower values for number of chews and total exposure time associated with oral processing.     

Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality.

Social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) contends that institutional-level mechanisms exist that reinforce and perpetuate existing group-based inequalities, but very few such mechanisms have been empirically demonstrated. We propose that gendered wording (i.e., masculine- and feminine-themed words, such as those associated with gender stereotypes) may be a heretofore unacknowledged, institutional-level mechanism of inequality maintenance. Employing both archival and experimental analyses, the present research demonstrates that gendered wording commonly employed in job recruitment materials can maintain gender inequality in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated the existence of subtle but systematic wording differences within a randomly sampled set of job advertisements. Results indicated that job advertisements for male-dominated areas employed greater masculine wording (i.e., words associated with male stereotypes, such as leader, competitive, dominant) than advertisements within female-dominated areas. No difference in the presence of feminine wording (i.e., words associated with female stereotypes, such as support, understand, interpersonal) emerged across male- and female-dominated areas. Next, the consequences of highly masculine wording were tested across 3 experimental studies. When job advertisements were constructed to include more masculine than feminine wording, participants perceived more men within these occupations (Study 3), and importantly, women found these jobs less appealing (Studies 4 and 5). Results confirmed that perceptions of belongingness (but not perceived skills) mediated the effect of gendered wording on job appeal (Study 5). The function of gendered wording in maintaining traditional gender divisions, implications for gender parity, and theoretical models of inequality are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Homology-Based Interactions between Small RNAs and Their Targets Control Dominance Hierarchy of Male Determinant Alleles of Self-Incompatibility in Arabidopsis lyrata

Self-incompatibility (SI) is conserved among members of the Brassicaceae plant family. This trait is controlled epigenetically by the dominance hierarchy of the male determinant alleles. We previously demonstrated that a single small RNA (sRNA) gene is sufficient to control the linear dominance hierarchy in Brassica rapa and proposed a model in which a homology-based interaction between sRNAs and target sites controls the complicated dominance hierarchy of male SI determinants. In Arabidopsis halleri, male dominance hierarchy is reported to have arisen from multiple networks of sRNA target gains and losses. Despite these findings, it remains unknown whether the molecular mechanism underlying the dominance hierarchy is conserved among Brassicaceae. Here, we identified sRNAs and their target sites that can explain the linear dominance hierarchy of Arabidopsis lyrata, a species closely related to A. halleri. We tested the model that we established in Brassica to explain the linear dominance hierarchy in A. lyrata. Our results suggest that the dominance hierarchy of A. lyrata is also controlled by a homology-based interaction between sRNAs and their targets.     

Skyline查询处理

对目前的Skyline查询方法进行分类和综述.首先介绍Skyline查询处理问题产生的背景,然后介绍Skyline查询处理的内存算法,并从带索引和不带索引两个方面对现有的外存Skyline查询处理方法进行分类介绍,在每组算法后,都对该组算法进行了性能评价,然后介绍不同子空间上的多SKyline查询处理模型——SKYCUBE的概念和相关研究.另外,还介绍了不同应用环境下解决Skyline查询处理的策略以及Skyline查询处理问题的扩展,最后归结出Skyline查询处理后续研究的几个方向.     

（广义）块对角占优矩阵的奇异与非奇异性

本文得到了块对角占优矩阵奇异与非奇异的几个充分必要条件,并由此得到了广义块对角占优矩阵奇异与非奇异的一些充分必要的判定条件.     

基于秩相关的属性约简

针对有序尺度变量,给出了有序信息系统与有序决策表在优势关系下的粗糙集约简定义;利用粗糙集方法将对象综合排序,进而得到一组秩;根据这些秩,运用非参数统计的思想研究了两个属性子集之间的相关性,并将Spearman秩相关系数作为属性相关性度量;在不改变总体序信息情况下,给出了基于此度量对有序信息系统与有序决策表进行约简的新方法。最后通过数值例子说明该方法是可行的,且为粗糙集方法提供了统计依据。     

Dynamic texture perception in plant-based yogurt alternatives: Identifying temporal drivers of liking by TDS

As texture properties in novel food categories have a crucial role in consumer acceptance, mouthfeel profile of different plant-based yogurt-like semi-solid products were studied and compared to dairy yogurts. Mouthfeel properties of five plant-based yogurt-like products and two dairy yogurts were analyzed using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) with consumers (n = 87). The attributes evaluated were thick, thin, creamy, watery, sticky, and foamy. Following TDS, overall liking and mouthfeel liking were evaluated using a 7-point hedonic scale. Temporal drivers of mouthfeel liking were studied using correspondence analysis and penalty-lift analysis with different time points during mastication. For penalty-lift analysis TDS data was analyzed as check-all-that-apply (CATA) data. Results from the present work show that mouthfeel perception in non-dairy yogurt alternatives is a dynamic process. Attributes typically used to describe dairy yogurts are also relevant for describing non-dairy yogurt alternatives. Yogurt alternatives and dairy yogurts can be similar and equally liked by their mouthfeel profile. Temporal drivers of liking in plant-based products are thickness and creaminess and temporal drivers of disliking are thinness and wateriness. In this study, the first dominant attributes were found to have a stronger impact on mouthfeel liking than the dominant attributes perceived later during mastication.     

PFBC_CC中燃气轮机的动态特性与系统控制方案研究

本文建立了ＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣ中使用两种不同的轴系的燃气轮机动态数学模型,并进行了仿真,得到了燃气轮机的动态特性。在此基础上,应用阶跃响应辨识法获得了ＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣ系统主要通道的传递函数矩阵。本文应用多变量鲁棒设计方法被控对象进行了鲁棒控制系统设计。通过闭环摄动系统的仿真,求出闭环摄动系统当存在着结构摄动时的阶跃响应。仿真结果表明：用该方法设计的控制系统具有良好的鲁棒性能,满足了被控系统的各项要求。     

On fuzzy approaches for enlarging skyline query results

In the last decade, skyline queries have gained much attention and are proved to be valuable for multi-criteria decisions. Based on the concept of Pareto dominance, they return the non-dominated points, called the skyline points. In practice, it may happen that the skyline only contains a small number of points which could be insufficient for the user needs. In this paper, we discuss two fuzzy-set-based approaches to enriching the small skyline with particular points that could serve the decision makers’ needs. The basic idea consists in identifying the most interesting points among the non-skyline ones. On the one hand, we introduce a novel fuzzy dominance relationship which makes more demanding the dominance between the points of interest. So, much points would be considered as incomparable and then as elements of the new relaxed skyline. On the other hand, we leverage an appropriate fuzzy closeness relation to retrieve non skyline points that are fuzzily close to some skyline points. Furthermore, we develop efficient algorithms to compute the relaxed variants of skyline. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches and analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms. A comparative study between the approaches presented is made as well.