Effect of garlic powder on the performance,egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. One hundred and sixty‐two SHSY‐type brown layers aged 21 weeks were chosen at random from a large flock. They were allocated to three dietary treatments. Each treatment comprised six replicates of nine layers in groups of three. The diets were supplemented with 0, 5 and 10 g kg^?1 garlic powder. The experimental period lasted 22 weeks. Garlic powder addition did not significantly affect body weight, egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg shell index, egg breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg albumen index, egg yolk index, egg Haugh unit, egg yolk weight and serum protein concentration. Egg weight increased (P < 0.01) with garlic powder supplementation. There was a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in egg cholesterol concentration as mg g^?1 yolk when the dietary level of garlic powder was increased from 0 to 10 g kg^?1. Hen serum triglyceride (P < 0.05) and total cholesterol (P < 0.01) concentrations decreased with garlic powder supplementation. This study demonstrated that garlic powder addition increased egg weight and decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentration (mg g^?1 yolk) and serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations without adverse effects on performance and egg traits. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Visible transmission spectroscopy for the assessment of egg freshness

The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of visible transmission spectroscopy for the non‐destructive assessment of the freshness of an individual egg. A total of 600 intact white‐shelled eggs of the same flock (Lohmann, 40 weeks of age) were measured. To obtain a considerable variation in freshness, groups consisting of 60 eggs were stored (18 °C, 55% RH) for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 days. The non‐destructive spectral measurements were compared with the two most widely used destructive freshness parameters, namely Haugh units and albumen pH. A partial least squares (PLS1) model was built in order to predict Haugh units and pH of the albumen based on the transmission spectra. The correlation coefficients between the predicted value and the measured value were 0.842 and 0.867 for Haugh unit and pH of the albumen, respectively. These results show that the light transmission spectrum of an egg provides quantitative information about egg freshness. Relevant information concerning egg freshness is restricted to the interval between 570 and 750 nm. Furthermore, the models obtained for both destructive parameters were strikingly similar, indicating that Haugh unit and pH have the same physico‐chemical background. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Couscous, a traditional Turkish food product: production method and some applications for enrichment of nutritional value

Traditional Turkish couscous, a cereal‐based product, is made by covering bulgur with milk and flour. Traditionally Turkish couscous was produced from different flours (soyflour and oat flour) and eggs. The nutrient composition of traditional couscous was 90.6% dry matter, 11.27% protein, 2.58% fat, 71.80% carbohydrate, 42.25 mg sodium, 365.62 mg potassium, 2.73 mg iron and 48.30 mg calcium. The calorie content of traditional couscous is about 1487.41 kJ 100 g^?1. The addition of soy and oat flours increased protein content and Ca, K and Fe levels. Sensory properties were also affected. Panellists preferred traditional couscous and couscous with eggs or soyflour over couscous with oat flour.     

Study of Acetylated Food Proteins by Raman Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT: Three food proteins, soy protein isolates, spray-dried egg white, and whey protein isolates, were acetylated to varying levels, and the extent of modification was determined by wet chemistry methods. Raman spectra of the modified proteins were obtained. A new C=O stretching vibration was observed at 1737cm-1 and was attributed to ester carbonyl groups appended to the proteins during acetylation. Calibration curves were obtained by plotting the intensity ratio of this Raman band to the 1003cm-1 phenylalanine stretching band against the extent of substituted hydroxyl groups. Linear fits were obtained with correlation coefficient r > 0.9979. The Raman spectral data were also analyzed to study the effect of acetylation on the conformation of the 3 proteins. Marked conformational changes were observed in the modified proteins.     

Effects of enzymes in diets with varying energy levels on growth and egg production performance of Japanese quail

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed‐grade enzyme supplementation in diets with varying levels of energy on the performance of growing and laying Japanese quails. Day‐old Japanese quails, 504 in number, were subjected to six dietary treatments with six replicates at each treatment. Each replicate had 14 chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of three energy levels ie 12.15 MJ (2900 kcal), 11.30 MJ (2700 kcal) and 10.48 MJ (2500 kcal) ME kg^?1 diet and two enzyme levels (0 and 0.5 g kg^?1 diet). A metabolism trial was conducted at the fourth week of age. At the end of week 5, 10 quails (five of each sex) per treatment were sacrificed for carcass characteristics and 20 female quails from each of the six dietary groups were housed in individual laying cages and fed respective layer diet to study the laying performance and egg quality up to 20 weeks of age. Body weight gains of quails fed 12.15 MJ or 11.30 MJ ME kg^?1 diets were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those fed diets with 10.46 MJ ME kg^?1 diet. Feed intake was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in birds that received diet with 12.15 MJ ME kg^?1 than in birds that diets containing either 11.30 or 10.46 MJ ME kg^?1 diet. Feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) was best at 12.15, followed by 11.30 and 10.46 MJ ME kg^?1 diet. Enzyme supplementation did not improve the growth performance, feed intake or feed conversion efficiency of quails. Enzyme addition also did not influence nitrogen retention or energy or dry matter metabolizability. The carcass characteristics did not differ because of energy or enzyme supplementation. Feed intake increased significantly (p < 0.01) as the dietary energy level decreased. The egg production and quality characteristics remained almost similar in all the dietary treatments. It was concluded that the optimum dietary energy level for quail was 12.15 MJ (2900 kcal) ME kg^?1 during the growing phase and 11.30 MJ (2700 kcal) ME kg^?1 during the laying phase. Addition of feed enzymes to conventional diets containing varying levels of maize, soyabean meal, fish meal and deoiled rice bran was not beneficial to improve growth, carcass traits, egg production performance or nutrient utilization. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Parentally provided alkaloid does not protect eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) against entomopathogenic fungi

Eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix proved equally vulnerable to fungal infection (Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus) whether they contained parentally provided pyrrolizidine alkaloid (monocrotaline) or were free of such alkaloid. In in vitro tests, monocrotaline, either as free base or N-oxide, had no inhibiting effect on fungal cultures.Report No. 99 of the series Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods; No. 98 is Attygalle et al.,Experientia (in press).     

超高压改性对鸡蛋蛋白液起泡及物理性质的影响

采用超高压改性鸡蛋蛋白液,研究了压力、保压时间对蛋白液起泡性质和物理性质的影响结果表明,新鲜蛋白液在350MPa的静水压下处理15min后的起泡性质最好．此外,超高压改性还导致蛋白液的黏度和表面张力呈现升高后又急剧降低的趋势,并能够降低蛋白液的明度.     

Chemically mediated ovipositional behaviors of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The volatile plant sesquiterpenoids farnesene, nerolidol, and farnesol were tested to determine their effect on European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, oviposition during the first six nights of the adult stage. Adult European corn borers were released into cages designed to encourage oviposition on eight glass plates randomly arranged on top of the cage: four coated with either 80µg/cm² farnesene, nerolidol, or farnesol, and four coated with the solvent methylene chloride. The setup was used as a binary choice test. Farnesene was preferred by females because they deposited significantly more egg masses on plates coated with the compound. Nerolidol had no effect. Farnesol, by contrast, deterred oviposition: the number of egg masses was significantly lower on plates covered with that compound. These data show that structural modification at a single terminal functional group in these compounds affects the ovipositional behavior of European corn borer females.This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation for its use by USDA.     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用研究

运用浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了4种杀螨剂及其混剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用。结果表明：阿维菌素对雌成螨的毒力最高，LC50为0．0864mg/L；其次为溴虫腈和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为9．5377mg/L和1.4412mg/L。对卵的毒力溴虫腈最高，LC50为0.1223mg/L；其次为阿维菌素和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为0.4425mg/L和0.6827mg/L。对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果依次为溴虫腈＞阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15）＞哒螨灵＞阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＋甲氰菊酯（1：1）＞甲氰菊酯。     

Squash leaf glandular trichome volatiles: Identification and influence on behavior of female pickleworm moth [Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll.)] (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fourteen volatile compounds occurring in leaf trichomes of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Early Prolific Straightneck) were identified. These compounds accounted for 83.5% of the volatile matrix. Ubiquitous constituents of the epidermis (myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids,n-tricosane, andn-pentacosane) accounted for 73.7%; these compounds were not bioassayed. The volatileso-,m-, andp-xylene, toluene, 2-heptanone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(–)-limonene, and germacrene D were tested for their influence on attraction and oviposition by the pickleworm moth (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). No single compound, except germacrene D, was attractive. (R)-(+)-Limonene and 2-heptanone were weakly repellent. Mixtures of the highly volatile fractions were as attractive as volatiles emanating from whole, intact leaves. Oviposition levels on treated artificial sites corresponded with levels of visitation. Oviposition was significantly stimulated by whole-leaf volatiles, and (S)-(–)-limonene caused a slight but significant reduction.Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a warranty or guarantee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.