新型生物表面活性剂的分离和鉴定

采用超滤法分离青霉素发酵液中的表面活性物质,并将表面活性物质富集浓缩,再结合冷冻干燥等手段回收,得到了一种生物表面活性剂,同时解决了青霉素溶剂萃取过程中的乳化问题.截留分子质量为10 ku的超滤膜能有效分离料液中起生物表面活性剂作用的表面活性物质,消除了青霉素提炼过程中的乳化现象.这种生物表面活性剂在青霉素发酵液中的含量为2.659 g/L.     

温度对等摩尔CTAB-SDS复配体系表面张力及乳化性能的影响

测定了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)及它们等摩尔复配体系在不同温度下的表面张力及乳化性能。复配体系的γCMC从10℃的63.67 mN/m下降到90℃的36.38 mN/m,比相应单一体系的γCMC还略低,表现出高温下较高的表面活性。相应的单一体系的CMC值变化不明显,而CTAB-SDS体系的CMC却减少近一半。这些表面活性剂形成的乳液稳定性随温度升高而下降,与表面活性无关。90℃时复配体系的乳液分出10 mL水层的时间只需0.37 m in,使中和电荷加高温有可能成为一种较好的破乳方法,高温时等摩尔CTAB-SDS的高表面活性与所形成乳液的不稳定性使其有可能较好地应用于催化一些两相反应。     

十八胺用于热力发电机组停用保护技术进展

对十八胺在热力发电机组停用防腐保护中的应用技术作了回顾，对新发明的固体十八胺乳化加药装置作了技术经济对比分析，认为具有安全、方便、经济、易标准化的优势。     

甲叉聚丙烯酰胺改性衍生物的合成及应用

甲叉聚丙烯酰胺经水解、羟甲基化、氨甲基化反应,合成了N-(二甲氨基甲基)甲叉聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM),与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)以n(MAMPAM)∶n(AMPS)=8∶1复配得到MAMPAM-AMPS。该复合物可作为一种原油黏度稳定剂,与乳化降黏剂复配使用,可防止高酸值原油在高剪切力条件下反相。使苏丹六区w(水)=20%、30%、40%、45%、50%的原油黏度分别稳定在444、426、418、414、410 mPa.s,同时缩短了原油脱水时间,并在吐哈油田玉东202-1井现场实验中得到印证。     

汽轮机润滑油乳化问题在线处理方法研究

陕西某电厂供热机组在供暖期内发生汽封漏气,导致汽轮机润滑油严重乳化,危害机组运行安全。为了不影响机组正常供暖,研究并验证了不同在线处理方法的处理效果。结果表明,采用极性诱导选择性吸附剂对运行油进行在线再生,可将油的破乳化度降至极限值,使乳化油在极短时间内破乳化,油与水在油箱中具有充足的分离时间,彻底解决了运行油乳化问题,为机组运行安全提供了保障。     

新型乳化技术在化妆品中的应用

系统介绍了目前化妆品市场5种主要的新型乳化技术,即高分子聚合物三维悬浮技术、微胶囊技术、纳米脂质体技术、D相乳化技术和Pickering乳化技术,阐述了它们的机理及发展应用情况。     

酯基型双子表面活性剂的合成及驱油性能

采用丁二酸酐、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺和溴代烷C_nH_(2n+1)Br(n=10、12、14、16、18)通过两步反应制备了含酯基的阳离子双子表面活性剂[简称为GSn-EG-n(n=10、12、14、16、18)]。利用FTIR、~1HNMR对GS14-EG-14结构进行表征,用表面张力仪、电导率仪、荧光光谱仪(FLD)、光学接触角测量仪和界面张力仪对GSn-EG-n的溶液性质进行测定。结果表明,随着碳链长度的增加,表面活性剂越易聚集缔合成胶束,GS18-EG-18临界胶束浓度(CMC)最低达到2.14×10~(-5)mol/L,GS14-EG-14溶液的表面张力最低降至33.50 m N/m。通过测定不同温度下溶液的电导率,发现其电导率随着温度的升高而增大。乳化性和润湿性测试结果表明,GS14-EG-14乳化系统中,油/水分离时间达到180 min,且在聚四氟乙烯板(简称PTFE)上的接触角为69.3°,说明GS14-EG-14具有很好的乳化性能和润湿性能。GS18-EG-18仅用28 min可以将油/水界面张力降低至8.6×10~(-3)m N/m。GSn-EG-n的最终驱油效率达54.2%。     

Gravity induced coalescence in emulsions with high volume fractions of dispersed phase in the presence of surfactants

We report studies on the effect of volume fraction and surfactant concentration on the kinetics of destabilization of emulsions under the influence of gravity. Model oil‐in‐water emulsions, designed to mimic crude oil–water emulsions, were prepared with varying volume fractions of dispersed oil but nearly identical normalized initial drop size distributions. The gravity separation process was observed by periodically withdrawing samples, and examining the droplet size distribution under the microscope. Experiments were performed for three volume fractions of dispersed phase and two surfactant concentrations (0.4 and 1.6% by weight). At higher oil fractions (20%) and a lower surfactant concentration (0.4%), it was observed that although the rate of coalescence increased, the actual oil separation was delayed. At higher surfactant concentrations (1.6%), the dominant factor in suppressing destabilization is the rate of drop to interface coalescence. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4379–4389, 2017     

Facile Formation of Medium-Chain-Length Poly-3-Hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA)-Incorporated Nanoparticle Using Combination of Non-Ionic Surfactants

The assembly of nanoparticles incorporating bacterial medium-chain-length poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) via phase inversion emulsification (PIE) was investigated. Sequential addition of water into an agitated mixture of carrier oil (jojoba oil), nonionic surfactants (Cremophor EL and Span 80) and melted mcl-PHA triggered phase inversion of water-in-oil (W/O) to oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. The emulsion inversion point (EIP) at 30% w/w of water content was determined by abrupt changes in viscosity and conductivity of the suspension. Concurrently, infrared transmittance of the O–H group of water, the C–O–C group of surfactants and the C–H group of alkane chain were practically identical while Small Angle X-ray Scattering indicated the presence of a bi-continuous/lamellar structure. The morphology of the emulsion changed, with increasing water content, from W/O to bi-continuous/lamellar structure and finally to O/W. mcl-PHA appears to form a bridging polymeric network, covering the nanoparticle with a protective layer for enhanced protection of the encapsulated compound. A hypothetical mechanism for the mcl-PHA-based nanoparticle assembly is also proposed.     

彩色聚氨酯皮革染料的制备与研究

以甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）、聚丙二醇（PPG1000）、2,2－二羟甲基丙酸（DMPA）、单硬脂酸甘油酯（GMS）、酸性红B等为主要原料,经自乳化法合成了一种彩色聚氨酯皮革染料,采用傅立叶红外吸收光谱分析证实了彩色聚氨酯染料的结构。研究发现聚氨酯染料和原染料相比,紫外－可见光谱图显示在200～250nm处的峰出现了38nm的红移;制备的聚氨酯染料乳液具有良好的冻融稳定性和高温稳定性,彩色聚氨酯膜具有较好的耐热性能和优异的耐干湿擦性能。