孔隙压力对岩样全部变形特征的影响

目的 研究了孔隙压力对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响．方法 利用FLAC内嵌语言编制的FISH函数计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比．在峰前及峰后，岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型．结果 随着孔隙压力的增加，岩样的破坏区域越来越广泛；剪切带倾角都接近于Arthur倾角；峰值强度及所对应的轴向、体积应变及侧向应变的大小均降低．当孔隙压力较低时，峰后应力-轴向应变曲线及应力-侧向应变曲线软化段斜率基本保持不变，根据单轴压缩条件下的解析解，这是由于岩样的破坏模式不随孔隙压力的增加而改变．结论当孔隙压力较高时，大量的单元发生破坏将消耗较多的能量，这使应力-轴向应变及侧向应变曲线软化段变平缓；岩样在轴向应变较低时就可获得较高的侧向变形量及泊松比，甚至负的体积应变．岩样失稳破坏的前兆的明显程度不随孔隙压力的改变而改变．     

Shear stress distribution and characteristics of deformation for shear band-elastic body system at pre-peak and post-peak

The distributed shear stress and the displacement across shear band, the evolution of plastic zones, and the load-carrying capacity of rock specimen were investigated in plane strain direct shear test according to Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua （FLAC）. And then the shear displacement distribution in normal direction of system composed of localized shear band and elastic rock was analyzed based on gradient-dependent plasticity. The adopted failure criterion was a composite of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, that is, the relation between tension cut-off and postpeak constitutive of rock was linear strain-softening. Numerical results show that shear stress field approximately undergoes three different stages. At first, shear stress is only concentrated in the middle of top and base of specimen. Next, shear stress in the middle of specimen tends to increase, owing to superposition of shear stresses. Interestingly, two peaks of shear stress appear far from the loading ends of specimen, and the peaks approach with the increase in timestep until elements at the center of specimen yield. Finally, relatively lower shear stress level is reached in large part of specimen except in the regions near the two ends. As flow stress decreases, the analytical shear displacement distribution in shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity becomes steeps outside the band, it is linear and its slope tends to decrease. These theoretical results qualitatively agree with that of the present numerical predicted results. Main advantage of the analytical solution over the numerical results according to FLAC is that it is continuous, smooth and non-linear （except at elastic stage）.     

Analysis of progressive failure of pillar and instability criterion based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A mechanical model for strain softening pillar is proposed considering the characteristics of progressive shear failure and strain localization. The pillar undergoes elastic, strain softening and slabbing stages. In the elastic stage, vertical compressive stress and deformation at upper end of pillar are uniform, while in the strain softening stage there appears nonuniform due to occurrence of shear bands, leading to the decrease of load-carrying capacity.In addition, the size of failure zone increases in the strain softening stage and reaches its maximum value when slabbing begins. In the latter two stages, the size of elastic core always decreases. In the slabbing stage, the size of failure zone remains a constant and the pillar becomes thinner. Total deformation of the pillar is derived by linearly elastic Hooke‘s law and gradient-dependent plasticity where thickness of localization band is determined according to the characteristic length. Post-peak stiffness is proposed according to analytical solution of averaged compressive stressaverage deformation curve. Instability criterion of the pillar and roof strata system is proposed analytically using instability condition given by Salamon. It is found that the constitutive parameters of material of pillar, the geometrical size of pillar and the number of shear bands influence the stability of the system; stress gradient controls the starting time of slabbing, however it has no influence on the post-peak stiffness of the pillar.     

基于梯度依赖的JOHNSON-COOK模型的韧性绝热剪切敏感性

以基于梯度塑性理论提出的绝热剪切带内部的局部塑性剪切变形分布的理论表达式为基础,研究10个参数对绝热剪切敏感性的影响。对LIAO及DUFFY给出的Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带内部的1条流线的实验结果进行最小二乘曲线拟合。估算绝热剪切带宽度取值不同时的临界塑性剪切应变。理论曲线很好地反映了绝热剪切带内部流线的非线性变形特征。利用不同的临界塑性剪切应变值反算了JOHNSON-COOK模型中的一些参数。研究发现,绝热剪切敏感性随着初始静态屈服应力、功热转化因子和应变率参数的降低而降低,这与密度、热容、环境温度及应变硬化指数的影响刚好相反。所提出的模型可以预测绝热剪切带的宽度由高至低的演变过程,直到达到一个稳定值,这一点DODD和BAI模型做不到。     

孔隙压力条件下圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同孔隙压力及围压条件下圆形巷道围岩的应变局部化过程。在计算中,采用了应变软化本构关系及"先加载、后挖洞"的方式。模拟结果表明,当围压增加到一定程度后,孔隙压力较低或等于零时,在围岩中出现了V形坑或"平底锅"形坑,这与开采深度达到一定后,无瓦斯或低瓦斯矿井中的岩爆现象类似;当围压增加到一定程度后,孔隙压力较高时,在围岩中出现了多条平行裂纹及多个不规则的狭长薄片,破坏区的外轮廓类似梨形,这与开采深度达到一定后,在高瓦斯矿井中煤和瓦斯突出后形成口小腔大的孔洞现象类似。     

辽宁工程技术大学，辽宁 阜新 123000

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

钛合金绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变估算的新方法

提出了利用梯度塑性理论计算Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带的局部剪切应变新方法.绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变依赖于临界塑性剪切应变、试样的标定长度、绝热剪切带总厚度、绝热剪切带的平均塑性剪切应变.计算表明,随着绝热剪切带总厚度的增加,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变以非线性方式下降.当绝热剪切带总厚度的取值接近1 mm时,尽管确定临界塑性剪切应变的方法不同,但是,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值差别很小.当绝热剪切带总厚度取值在0.335～1 mm之间时,绝热剪切带的最大局部塑性剪切应变的计算值位于Liao及Duffy(1998)实验结果的下限(75%)和上限(350%)之间.     

Analyses of axial,lateral and circumferential deformations of rock specimen in triaxial compression

The axial, lateral and circumferential strains were analyzed for a rock specimen subjected to shear failure in the form of a shear band bisecting the specimen in triaxial compression. Plastic deformation of the specimen stemmed from shear strain localization initiated at the peak shear stress. Beyond the onset of strain localization, the axial, lateral and circumferential strains were decomposed into two parts, respectively. One is the elastic strain described by general Hooke’s law. The other is attributable to the plastic shear slips along shear band with a certain thickness dependent on the internal length of rock. The post-peak circumferential strain-axial strain curve of longer specimen is steeper than that of shorter specimen, as is consistent with the previous experiments. In elastic stage, the circumferential strain-axial strain curve exhibits nonlinear characteristic, as is in agreement with the previous experiment since confining pressure is loaded progressively until a certain value is reached. When the confining pressure is loaded completely, the circumferential strain-axial strain curve is linear in elastic and strain-softening stages. The predicted circumferential strain-axial strain curve in elastic and strain-softening stages agrees with the previous experiment. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50309004)     

正断层上盘开采断层附近应力时空分布数值模拟

采动引起的断层错动是诱发矿震和断层冲击矿压的主要原因之一。在现有的数值模拟研究中，断层上测点的数量较少，以致于对断层各处力学状态全貌的了解较为困难。而且，针对煤层应力分布的研究通常仅限于垂直应力（支承压力），而对其它应力尚缺乏了解。为研究采动条件下断层附近应力时空分布，采用FLAC3D建立了正断层上盘开采的数值模型。模型中共包括13个岩层和1个45°倾角的正断层，通过计算获得了工作面从断层上盘推进过程中断层各处及附近煤层应力的时空分布规律。监测了断层上盘断层上的22个节点以获取断层各处力学状态全貌。研究发现，在工作面推进过程中，断层上存在1个压紧区及1个或多个松动区；断层上的压紧区较为安全，压紧区上、下方松动区的正应力越来越低，当工作面邻近断层时该区的断层区段多趋于危险，该区范围最大为78 m；断层上盘煤层紧邻工作面煤壁的垂直、水平和切应力峰值分别位于煤壁前方7.5～10.5、10.5～15.5和11.5～12.5 m；断层下盘煤层3种应力最大值均上升或有上升趋势。当工作面煤壁距断层的水平距离由40 m减小至20 m时，断层上盘煤层垂直、水平和切应力受断层影响较显著的区域通常分别在距断...     

岩块断裂对块系岩体摆型波传播影响试验

摆型波是块系岩体中的一种非线性动力传播现象，为研究块系岩体中局部岩块断裂时的摆型波传播规律，采用试验方法研究了岩块的断裂方向和断裂位置对摆型波传播的影响，分别从摆型波的传播速度、岩块加速度、动能、位移响应及加速度频域响应特性等方面进行分析.结果表明：当岩块发生断裂时摆型波在块系岩体中的传播速度下降，岩块振动持续时间延长，岩块加速度和动能最值均出现下降，加速度信号中心频率下降，岩块位移的最大值出现增大；同时得出，岩块纵向断裂和在近冲击源位置断裂这2个因素对摆型波传播过程岩体动力响应特征的影响更大.该研究将为块系岩体存在局部岩块断裂时摆型波传播特征识别及岩体的断裂预警提供参考.