Relationships between Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers and presence of bacterial enteric pathogens and conventional fecal indicators

Occurrence and prevalence of different bacterial enteric pathogens as well as their relationships with conventional (total and fecal coliforms) and alternative fecal indicators (host-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers) were investigated for various water samples taken from different sites with different degrees of fecal contamination. The results showed that a wide range of bacterial pathogens could be detected in both municipal wastewater treatment plant samples and in surface water samples. Logistic regression analysis revealed that total and human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers showed significant predictive values for the presence of Escheriachia coli O-157, Salmonella, heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and heat-stable enterotoxin for human (STh) of ETEC. The probability of occurrence of these pathogenic bacteria became significantly high when the concentrations of human-specific and total Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers exceeded 10(3) and 10(4) copies/100 mL. In contrast, Clostridium perfringens was detected at high frequency regardless of sampling sites and levels of Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers. No genes related to Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae were detected in any samples analyzed in this study. Conventional indicator microorganisms had low levels of correlation with the presence of pathogens as compared with the alternative fecal indicators. These results suggested that real-time PCR-based measurement of alternative Bacteroides 16S rRNA genetic markers was a rapid and sensitive tool to identify host-specific fecal pollution and probably associated bacterial pathogens. However, since one fecal indicator might not represent the relative abundance of all pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, combined application of alternative indicators with conventional ones could provide more comprehensive pictures of fecal contamination, its source and association with pathogenic microorganisms.     

Kinetic modelling and microbial community assessment of anaerobic biphasic fixed film bioreactor treating distillery spent wash

Anaerobic digestion, microbial community structure and kinetics were studied in a biphasic continuously fed, upflow anaerobic fixed film reactor treating high strength distillery wastewater. Treatment efficiency of the bioreactor was investigated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) and organic loading rates (OLR 5-20 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹). Applying the modified Stover-Kincannon model to the reactor, the maximum removal rate constant (U_max) and saturation value constant (K_B) were found to be 2 kg m⁻³ d⁻¹ and 1.69 kg m⁻³ d⁻¹ respectively. Bacterial community structures of acidogenic and methanogenic reactors were assessed using culture-independent analyses. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes exhibited a total of 123 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) comprising 49 from acidogenic reactor and 74 (28 of eubacteria and 46 of archaea) from methanogenic reactor. The findings reveal the role of Lactobacillus sp. (Firmicutes) as dominant acid producing organisms in acidogenic reactor and Methanoculleus sp. (Euryarchaeotes) as foremost methanogens in methanogenic reactor.     

16Mn钢的高温强度试验

通过对国产某厂16Mn钢的高温强度试验,得到其恒载加温条件下不同温度时的临界荷载水平,以及在恒温加载下强度折减系数随温度的变化规律,为我国钢结构建筑耐火设计提供了重要的参考基础数据.     

Na2 S2 O3 对 16Mn 钢材在碱性溶液中的腐蚀影响研究

目的研究16Mn钢在4 g/L Na2S2O3的碱性溶液中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理。方法对16Mn钢的腐蚀形貌进行深入观察,对腐蚀产物的成分进行EDS分析,通过质量损失法和动力学方法分析腐蚀速率的变化,确定腐蚀机理。结果腐蚀形貌随腐蚀时间的推移由最初的点蚀发展为均匀腐蚀,腐蚀所生成的产物主要由O,S,Na,Fe元素组成。结论腐蚀产物主要是非晶态和晶态的羟基氧化铁和赤铁矿,随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀越发严重,腐蚀速率逐渐下降。     

便携式生命体征动态监测仪设计

设计了一款以AVR 单片机 ATmega16为控制核心,以单总线数字温度传感器 DS18B20、硅光电池传感器2DU6、压力传感器MPX2050、加速度传感器ADXL202为主体的便携式生命体征动态监测仪。完成了系统总体设计和各模块软硬件设计。通过软件编程和仿真,实现了对信号的采集和记录,液晶显示、报警提示等功能。具备操作简单、功耗低、人性化及方便携带等特点。     

基于PIC16C73单片机的智能热量计量表设计

介绍了一种以PIC16C73单片机为核心的智能热量计量表,对智能热量计量表的硬件和软件做了较详尽的阐述。它充分利用 PIC 单片机精简指令集的简洁高效和其内置看门狗电路功能,以及一总线式数字温度传感器DS18B20的独特的优势,使热量计量表达到了高性能、高可靠性和低造价的要求。     

回火温度对0Cr16Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和力学性能测试,研究了回火温度对0Cr16Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在450—700℃温度区间回火处理后的组织均为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体+δ-铁素体,随着回火温度的升高,韧化相残余奥氏体含量先增加后降低,在600℃其含量达到最大值29.8%。其强度则随着回火温度的升高先降低然后回升,在600℃回火后强度最低,而伸长率变化趋势与强度相反;不同温度回火后的冲击断口均呈韧窝状,撕裂棱清晰可见,断裂方式均为韧性断裂。     

不同pH的碱性环境中16Mn钢及热影响区应力腐蚀行为

利用电化学技术和U形弯试样浸泡实验研究了16Mn钢及其模拟热影响区(HAZ)在不同pH的碱性硫化物和Cl-介质中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为与机理.结果表明:16Mn钢原始组织、粗晶组织(空冷组织)和硬化组织(淬火组织)在pH为11.8的碱性硫化物环境中均近似呈钝化状态,维钝电流密度依次降低;随着pH的降低,原始组织和粗晶组织的阳极过程逐渐由钝化态转变为活化态;HAZ中硬化组织、粗晶组织和原始组织在碱性硫化物环境下的SCC敏感性依次降低,其中硬化组织具有明显的SCC特征;随着pH的降低,SCC裂纹有从沿晶裂纹转变为穿晶和沿晶混合裂纹的趋势,并且裂纹的宽度增加.     

16Mn钢长轴裂纹缺陷成因分析

某16Mn钢长轴零件经超声波探伤发现存在缺陷,采用化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验、断口分析等方法对缺陷的类型和成因进行了分析。结果表明:该零件原材料中存在的非金属夹杂形成了裂纹源,在加工压力的作用下进一步扩展,最终形成了裂纹缺陷。     

粒径对庚烷液雾爆炸场影响的数值模拟

为了研究液雾索特直径(D_(32))对爆炸参数的影响,以庚烷为对象,控制液雾总浓度不变(80 g·m~(-3)),改变液雾粒径,数值模拟了爆炸容器内庚烷(C_7H_(16))液雾粒径对爆炸参数的影响。结果表明:庚烷液雾场索特直径D_(32)为0~18.1μm时,最大爆炸压力p_(max)随D_(32)增加逐渐减小,最大值为1.01 MPa,最小值为0.9015 MPa。最大爆炸压力上升速率随D_(32)增大整体呈下降趋势,在0处达到最大值0.37571 MPa·ms~(-1),在18.1μm处达到最小值0.18439 MPa·ms~(-1),但在6.81~12μm发生反向突变,在10.1μm处达到极大值0.34217 MPa·ms~(-1),随后恢复下降趋势。液雾的径向火焰传播速度在径向距离15 cm附近突然增加,在16 cm之后剧烈下降。最大火焰速度随液雾场D_(32)不同而变化,D_(32)=10.1,12.9,18.1,6.81,0μm条件下液雾场的最大火焰速度依次降低,最大值为5.714 m·s~(-1),其后依次为1.737,1.36,1.34,1.27 m·s~(-1)。