Effects of Austempering after Hot Deformation on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled Si-Mn TRIP Steel Sheets

Excellent mechanical properties are obtained by austempering after hot deformation without subsequent heat treatment in the present Si-Mn TRIP steel sheets. Isothermal holding time after finishing rolling has affected the mechanical properties of this steel. The results show that the sample exhibits a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation when it is held at the bainite transformation temperature after hot deformation. The stability of retained austenite increases with an increase of isothermal holding time, and a further increase in the holding duration results in a decrease of it. The tensile strength, total elongation and strength ductility reach the maximum values (774MPa, 33% and 25542MPa% respectively) for this sort of hot rolled Si-Mn TRIP steel using the optimal technology.     

碳氮共渗提高空心圆柱滚子轴承寿命的研究

通过GCr15钢碳氮共渗,在表层获得大量的残余奥氏体。磨损中,马氏体组织剥落,残余奥氏体则成小岛状,进而在表面迁移发生形变诱发马氏体相变,使耐磨性得以提高。同时,共渗在空心滚子内表面造成的压应力对改善弯曲疲劳性能有利。     

石墨的球状生长--球墨铸铁基础理论的最新发展(二)

球形晶体的结晶学条件要求雏晶必须有大量辐射对称的小角分枝;此外,这些小角度分枝应具备“规则分枝”特征（即相同的生长习性与生长速度）。在众多球化理论中,缺陷生长理论较符合球形晶结晶学原理,而石墨的缺陷生长与溶液结晶时的过冷有密切关系,化学成分、冷却速度等工艺因素都通过动力过冷、成分过冷、热学过冷影响石墨螺型缺陷决定最终生长成的石墨形状。对石墨球在奥氏体晕圈（壳）包围下生长过程进行了研究。用彩色金相方法揭示出奥氏体壳的形成过程并将奥氏体壳分为快封闭、慢封闭、不封闭三种类型,讨论了它们与石墨畸变的关系。快封闭的奥氏体壳保证得到圆整的石墨球,慢封闭与不封闭都使石墨形成畸形。     

The Structure Stability of Carbide-Free Bainite Wheel Steel

Metallographic structures of carbide-free bainite steel wheel rim are mainly composed of supersaturated lath ferrite and retained austenite film among bainitic ferrite laths. It is suspected that supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite are likely to decompose under the influence of temperature change and mechanical stress. Stability of wheel rim structure is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, dye microscopy, and micro-hardness test. When the samples are tempered in the range of 150-350 °C, the retained austenite films are at the state of relative stability. Fifty percent of retained austenite is decomposed when the sample is tempered at 400 °C. Microhardness increases when the sample is tempered at 150 °C. The decrease in hardness is mild when the samples are tempered from 200 to 500 °C. The mechanical stability of retained austenite film is studied with tensile sample under the effect of tensile stress. The retained austenite appears to be stable in low and middle degree of deformation, and decomposition occurs at great amount of deformation. Diffraction peak of carbide is not found in all above experiments. The steel enriched silicon prevents the carbide precipitation during the transformation. It indicates the carbide-free bainite wheel steels have an excellent thermal and mechanical stability.     

高镍铬含氮奥氏体耐热钢在高温渗碳环境中的蜕变

应用SEM，EDS及X射线衍射等方法分析研究了高镍铬含氮奥氏体型耐热钢Cr30Ni20NRE在长期高温渗碳环境运行中的蜕变。试验结果表明，长期在高温条件下服役，铸态Cr30Ni20NRE耐热钢中沿奥氏体晶界的珠光体首先融入奥氏体；长期高温单边渗碳形成大量富铬碳化物，促使镍富集并起泡形成瘤状物，催化含碳气体的分解；表层瘤状物使辐射管表层疏松，表面积扩张，加快了碳向基体的渗入，提供了碳化物持续长大的条件，并引起沿碳化物周边开裂和奥氏体基体严重萎缩；合金元素的重新分布造成主合金元素铬和镍产生两极分化，镍和硅的富集促使石墨化，与侵入的氧形成内部氧化空洞和膨胀疏松，最终导致构件穿孔失效。因此，对高温渗碳环境中长期使用的高合金耐热钢，迎渗碳面的抗渗碳性能和其内壁面的抗氧化性能十分重要。     

Precipitation and stability of reversed austenite in 9Ni steel

A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorded. Then, the precipitation of reversed austenite which led to the length reduction was shown by thermal expansion curves. The results show that the effects of process parameters on the precipitation of reversed austenite can be determined more accurately by this method than by X-ray diffraction...     

热变形行为对20钢奥氏体晶粒形貌的影响

20#钢作为冷镦钢线,若出现混晶时,严重影响产品的质量.采用热模拟压缩变形试验的方法,研究了变形温度和变形量对低碳钢奥氏体晶粒形貌的影响.结果表明,变形量对奥氏体晶粒形貌有显著的影响,而变形温度的影响较小;在950℃变形量为30%～50%时混晶现象最严重.为工业生产提供了技术原型.     

TRIP steel retained austenite transformation under cyclic V-bending deformation

To investigate the transformation behavior of TRIP steel retained austenite under cyclic load, cyclic V-bending deformation of low carbon Si-Mn TRIP600 was studied by experiment and finite element in this paper. The results showed that, under cyclic V-bending deformation, retained austenite in TRIP steel transformed into martensite gradually with the increasing of bending times, and for the symmetrical characteristic, upper surface and lower surface presented the same transformation tendency. From the first to the fourth V-bending deformatiort, retained austenite volume fraction decreased nearly linearly and then attained saturation step by step. Compressive stress state was helpful for martensite transformation than tension stress state with V-bending deformation, and strain magnitude was the determining factor for retaining anstenite martensitic transformation. With the increasing of bending times effective stress increased and the relationship between maximum effective stress and bending times was nearly linear. Effective stress and effective strain distribution were non-uniform, the maximum effective stress and effective strain were present in the center of the samples. The relationships between retained austenite and V-bending times, and retained austenite with effective strain were set up as Eqs.（1）-（5）. The relationship was typical quadric function, decreased linearly for the initial deformation and attained saturation finally.     

Effect of vanadium and chromium on the microstructural features of V–Cr–Mn–Ni spheroidal carbide cast irons

The objective of this investigation is to study the influence of vanadium（5.0wt%–10.0wt%） and chromium（0–9.0wt%） on the microstructure and hardness of Cr-V-Mn-Ni white cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides. The alloys＇ microstructural features are presented and discussed with regard to the distribution of phase elements. The structural constituents of the alloys are spheroidal VC, proeutectoid cementite, ledeburite eutectic, rosette-shaped carbide eutectic（based on M7C3）, pearlite, martensite, and austenite. Their combinations and area fraction（AF） ratios are reported to be influenced by the alloys＇ chemical composition. Spheroidized VC particles are found to be sites for the nucleation of carbide eutectics. Cr and V are shown to substitute each other in the VC and M7C3 carbides, respectively. Chromium alloying leads to the formation of a eutectic（γ-Fe ＋ М7С3）, preventing the appearance of proeutectoid cementite in the structure. Vanadium and chromium are revealed to increase the total carbide fraction and the amount of austenite in the matrix. Cr is observed to play a key role in controlling the metallic matrix microstructure.     

低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢的热处理工艺对组织的影响

低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢有着复杂的显微组织，主要由多边形铁素体（F）＋无碳贝氏体（B）＋残留奥氏体（AR）组成。本试验采用了彩色金相法，并结合X－ray衍射、SEM和TEM等手段研究了低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢显微组织与工艺的关系，发现随着两相区退火温度的升高，最终显微组织中铁素体基体体积分数变小，并且贝氏体量增多，残留奥氏体的稳定性呈起伏式变化；在贝氏体转变区的等温温度过高或过低，均使最终显微组织中残留奥氏体体积分数减少；在贝氏体转变区等温时，所形成贝氏体表现出粒状的特征。