Reactively compatibilised polyamide6/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends: mechanical properties and morphology

Mechanical properties and morphological studies of compatibilised blends of PA6/EVA-g-MA and PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA were studied as functions of maleic anhydride content (MA) and dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA) concentrations, respectively at blending composition of 20 wt% dispersed phase (EVA-g-MA or combination of EVA and EVA-g-MA). The maleic anhydride (MA) was varied from 1 to 6 wt% in the PA6/EVA-g-MA blend, whereas MA concentration was fixed at 2 wt% in the ternary compositions with varying level of EVA-g-MA. ATR-IR spectroscopy revealed the formation of in situ copolymer during reactive compatibilisation of PA6 and EVA-g-MA. It was found that notched Izod impact strength of PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly with MA content in EVA-g-MA. The brittle to tough transition temperature of reactively compatibilised blends was found to be at 23 °C. The impact fractured surface topology reveals extensive deformation in presence of EVA-g-MA whereas; uncompatibilised PA6/EVA blend shows dislodging of EVA domains from the matrix. Tensile strength of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends increased significantly as compared to PA6/EVA blends. Analysis of the tensile data using predictive theories showed an enhanced interaction of the dispersed phase and the matrix. It is observed from the phase morphological analysis that the average domain size of the PA6/EVA-g-MA blends is found to decrease gradually with increase in MA content of EVA-g-MA. A similar decrease is also found to observe in PA6/EVA/EVA-g-MA blends with increase in EVA-g-MA content, which suggest the coalescence process is slower in presence of EVA-g-MA. An attempt has been made to correlate between impact strength and morphological parameters with regard to the compatibilised system over the uncompatibilised system.     

动态保压注射成型技术对PA6/EPDM-g-MA 共混物相形态与力学性能的影响

采用动态保压注塑成型技术来控制分散相相形态和橡胶粒子在基体中的取向排列.纯尼龙,动态样与静态样具有相同的冲击强度.在加入橡胶后,动态样与静态样的冲击强度变化趋势基本一致,在橡胶含量为20%t时,体系完成脆韧转变冲击强度达到最大,在橡胶含量为30%和40%时冲击强度又下降.但与静态样相比,当橡胶含量为10%t时,动态样与静态样的冲击强度一致,而当橡胶含量超过10%时,动态样的冲击强度较静态样高.结合平行于熔体流动方向的SEM照片,在橡胶含量为10%时,动态样中的橡胶粒子与静态样一样并未被拉长与取向,而在橡胶含量超过10%时,动态样剪切层中的橡胶粒子被拉长且沿熔体流动方向取向.实验表明,在改善共混物界面相容性的基础上,适当的低剪切应力场能进一步提高橡胶分散相对冲击强度的贡献.     

Effect of Ozone on Aspergillus niger Causing Black Rot Disease in Onion

The effect of ozone on Aspergillus niger causing black rot disease in onion was studied in culture. Ozone induced the spore germination in all treatments and few spores showed rapid swelling, resulting in the production of 2-3 germ tubes per spore compared to control. Although all the ozone treated spores germinated, all of them did not produce uniform colony morphology. Some colonies which developed from ozone treated spores failed to produce spores and such colonies appeared as grey patches of mycelia without spores amidst surrounding black sporulating colonies. Further work is in progress to study the mechanism involved in formation of sterile mycelia by ozone.     

Pore network model of deactivation of immobilized glucose isomerase in packed-bed reactors II: three-dimensional simulation at the particle level

Immobilized glucose isomerase is widely used for converting glucose to fructose by enzymatic isomerization. The process takes place in a packed-bed reactor consisting of mesoporous particles with distributed pore sizes and interconnectivities. Its efficiency is, however, significantly affected by deactivation of the mesoporous particles. In this paper, we study deactivation of the mesoporous particles using a three-dimensional pore network model of the pore space with distributed pore sizes and interconnectivities, and investigate several plausible mechanisms of deactivation of the porous particles. The results of the present study, which will be used as the input for simulation of the phenomenon at the reactor level, demonstrates the strong effect of the particles’ morphology on the deactivation process.     

PBT/官能化聚烯烃弹性体共混体系的力学性能与相形态

考察了马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物（POE-g-MAH）和乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯三元共聚物（E-MA-GMA）对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）的增韧作用。结果表明，未接枝的POE弹性体对PBT缺口冲击韧性的改善作用不大。两种官能化聚烯烃弹性体（E-MA-GMA、POE-g-MAH）对PBT具有显著的增韧作用。当弹性体用量分别达到8．5％和10％以后，共混物都各自出现明显的脆／韧转变现象。这意味着在达到同样的冲击韧性时，PBT／E—MA—GMA共混体系的拉伸强度损失较小。SEM显示，PBT／E—MA—GMA共混体系中分散相具有更细微的分散，有效地诱导PBT基体产生银纹和剪切屈服，消耗大量的冲击能。     

Effects of viscosity ratio and composition on development of morphology in chaotic mixing of polymers

This study investigated the effects of viscosity ratio (p) and composition on morphology development in an immiscible polymer system mixed under chaotic flow conditions. It was seen that morphology of the dispersed phase developed through a widely accepted route involving transitions from lamellas to fibrils and to droplets. It was found in experiments with p≥1 that the dispersed phase converted into droplets very rapidly with narrow droplet size distribution when p∼1. For higher values of p, the speed of morphological transitions slowed down, the droplet size distribution became wider, and much larger droplets were formed. Similar effects were observed at higher concentration of the dispersed phase. No self-similar scaling behavior was observed in the droplet size distribution, which can be attributed to the lack of self-similarity in the breakup of lamellas into fibrils.     

一种改进的细胞图像分割算法的研究

针对细胞图像的特点,提出一种改进的基于分水岭算法的细胞图像分割方法。在该方法中．对细胞图像进行数学形态学变换,即采用Top—hat变换后的图像与原始图像相加再减去Bottom—hat变换后的图像以得到最大对比度的图像．继而进行距离变换,最后运用分水岭算法进行分割。实验证明,该改进方法能够得到较好的分割结果。     

Morphology and micromechanical behavior of binary blends comprising block copolymers having different architectures

Morphology and deformation behavior of binary blends comprising styrene/butadiene block copolymers (polystyrene content, Φ_PS∼0.70) having different molecular architectures were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy and tensile testing. In contrast to the binary diblock copolymer blends discussed in literature, the phase separation behavior of the blends investigated was found to be strongly affected by asymmetric molecular architecture. The blends showed macrophase separated grains, in which the structures resembled the microphase morphology of none of the blend components. Unlike the classical rubber-modified or particle-filled thermoplastics, neither debonding at the particle/matrix interface nor the particle cavitation was observed in these nanostructured blends. The microdeformation of the blends revealed plastic drawing of polystyrene lamellae or PS struts dispersed in rubbery matrix and orientation of the whole deformation structures along the strain direction.     

Electrodeposition of Ni, Co and Ni-Co alloy powders

In this paper the polarization characteristics of the processes of Ni and Co powders and Ni-Co alloy powders electrodeposition from ammonium sulfate containing supporting electrolyte are investigated as a function of Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions concentrations. It is shown that the correct polarization curves for Ni and Co powders and Ni-Co alloy powders electrodeposition could be obtained only after IR drop correction, since the total current density of electrodeposition at the most negative potential of −1.4 V versus Ag|AgCl is extremely high (up to about 3-6 A cm⁻²) as a consequence of simultaneous hydrogen evolution which starts immediately after the beginning of metals (alloys) deposition. After determining the current density for hydrogen evolution and its subtraction from the total current density, correct polarization curves for Ni and Co powders and Ni-Co alloy powders electrodeposition are obtained. They are found to be different for each ratio of Ni²⁺/Co²⁺ ions concentration. It is also concluded that the shape of the polarization curves in all cases is practically defined by the shape of the polarization curve for hydrogen evolution. The morphology and composition of electrodeposited powders were also found to be sensitive to the ratio of Ni²⁺/Co²⁺ ions concentration.     

动态硫化工艺对EPDM/PP相态结构及力学性能的影响

采用透射电镜(TEM)研究二次硫化的加工工艺对EPDM/PP热塑性弹性体相态结构及力学性能的影响,研究发现,与传统的一次硫化的加工工艺相比,采用二次硫化加工工艺制备的EPDM/PP弹性体,硫化橡胶能以颗粒态均匀分散于PP的连续相中,其力学性能也较一次硫化制备的样品有较大提高。