Mixing and mass transfer in concentric-tube airlift fermenters: Newtonian and non-newtonian media

The mixing and mass transfer characteristics in concentric-tube airlift gas-liquid contactors intended for possible use as fermenters are discussed. Liquid velocities, circulation times, gas hold-ups, and volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured in water and aqueous carboxy methyl cellulose solutions. Measurements were made in an inverted conical-bottom device with draft tubes of three different diameters. An increase of liquid velocities at the column axis and a corresponding decrease of volumetric mass transfer coefficients due to the introduction of draft tubes were found for water as the liquid medium. For the non-Newtonian fluids, a complicating influence of the draft tubes on liquid velocity and mass transfer, which is attributed to a combination of factors related to improvement of liquid circulation and reduction of apparent viscosity, was observed.     

Effects of surfactants on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a split‐cylinder airlift reactor

Effects of various concentrations (0–5 ppm) of anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and non‐ionic (Tween‐80 and Triton X‐405) surfactants on gas hold‐up and gas–liquid mass transfer in a split‐cylinder airlift reactor are reported for air–water. Surfactants were found to strongly enhance gas hold‐up. Non‐ionic surfactants were more effective in enhancing gas hold‐up compared to the anionic surfactant SDS. An enhanced gas hold‐up and a visually reduced bubble size in the presence of surfactants implied an enhanced gas–liquid interfacial area for mass transfer. Nevertheless, the overall gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient was reduced in the presence of surfactants, suggesting that surfactants greatly reduced the true liquid film mass transfer coefficient and this reduction outweighed the interfacial area enhancing effect. Presence of surfactants did not substantially affect the induced liquid circulation rate in the airlift vessel.     

Removal of Arsenic from Wastewaters by Airlift Electrocoagulation. Part 1: Batch Reactor Experiments

Abstract

Arsenic removal from wastewater is a key problem for copper smelters. This work shows results of electrocoagulation in aqueous solutions containing arsenic in a newly designed and constructed 1 L batch airlift reactor. Iron electrodes were used in the cell. The airlift electrocoagulation reactor allowed simultaneously a) anodic Fe²⁺ production, b) Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ oxidation by air or oxygen, and c) precipitate/coagulate formation due to the turbulent conditions in the cell. A series of electrocoagulation experiments were carried out in the batch airlift reactor. The variables were: initial As(V) concentration, use of either a pure oxygen or an air flow, and electric current density. The results showed that the airlift electrocoagulation process could reduce an initial As concentration from 1000 mg L^?1 to 40 mg L^?1–corresponding to a reduction of 96%. At higher initial concentrations (e.g. 5000 mg L^?1 As) the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ seems to be rate determining. Oxidation with compressed oxygen was clearly more efficient than air at high initial As concentration. Arsenate removal from a solution with initially 100 mg L^?1 was efficient with both air and oxygen addition–more than 98% of As precipitated. When the electrocoagulation process was working efficiently, the arsenic removal rate in the cell was found to be around 0.08–0.1 mg As/C. The Fe‐to‐As (mol/mol) ratio, when electrocoagulation was working properly, was in the range of 4–6.     

多室气升式环流反应器流动特性的数值模拟

在空气-水两相多室气升式环流反应器（MALR）中,采用欧拉欧拉两相流模型对扇形反应室内气液两相流动过程进行了数值模拟研究,考察了上升室的气含率、液体速度随表观气速的变化,最后用实验数据对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,某一上升室气含率受该室表观气速的影响较大,与另一上升室表观气速的影响较小;循环液体与上升室流体流动型式有关;气含率和循环液速的模拟值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为5.36％和8.28％;说明了应用数值模拟方法研究MALR流动特性的可行性.     

Alternating anoxic feast/aerobic famine condition for improving granular sludge formation in sequencing batch airlift reactor at reduced aeration rate

In this study the influence of a pre-anoxic feast period on granular sludge formation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor is evaluated. Whereas a purely aerobic SBR was operated as a reference (reactor R2), another reactor (R1) was run with a reduced aeration rate and an alternating anoxic-aerobic cycle reinforced by nitrate feeding. The presence of pre-anoxic phase clearly improved the densification of aggregates and allowed granular sludge formation at reduced air flow rate (superficial air velocity (SAV) = 0.63 cm s⁻¹). A low sludge volume index (SVI₃₀ = 45 mL g⁻¹) and a high MLSS concentration (9–10 g L⁻¹) were obtained in the anoxic/aerobic system compared to more conventional results for the aerobic reactor. A granular sludge was observed in the anoxic/aerobic system whilst only flocs were observed in the aerobic reference even when operated at a high aeration rate (SAV = 2.83 cm s⁻¹). Nitrification was maintained efficiently in the anoxic/aerobic system even when organic loading rate (OLR) was increased up to 2.8 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹. In the contrary nitrification was unstable in the aerobic system and dropped at high OLR due to competition between autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The presence of a pre-anoxic period positively affected granulation process via different mechanisms: enhancing heterotrophic growth/storage deeper in the internal anoxic layer of granule, reducing the competition between autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. These processes help to develop dense granular sludge at a moderate aeration rate. This tends to confirm that oxygen transfer is the most limiting factor for granulation at reduced aeration. Hence the use of an alternative electron acceptor (nitrate or nitrite) should be encouraged during feast period for reducing energy demand of the granular sludge process.     

气升式反应器在发酵工业中的应用研究进展

气升式反应器是一种用于气液两相或气液固三相过程的接触式反应装置,简要综述了气升式反应器在发酵工业中的应用研究进展,按照集成强化的思路开发的气升式膜生物反应器被重点介绍。     

气升式环流反应器实验及三维模拟

利用Fluent软件对气升式环流反应器进行三雏全尺寸的数值模拟,采用欧拉多相流模型和标准k-ε模型模拟反应器内气液两相流动,得到了反应器内流场的详细分布.在此基础上还结合FLOW 3D软件模拟物理流动现象,得到了直观的真实清晰动画,而传统的实验很难测得相关具体的数据.两种数值模拟结果与文献实验值吻合较好,说明了数值模拟的可靠性.     

用于疏浚江河湖泊的新型高效工具研究

提出了用气举和自激振荡脉冲射流破碎器清淤的新方法 ,分析了气举和自激振荡脉冲射流的基本原理及脉冲射流在水下的动力特性。理论和实验表明 :在水下 ,振荡脉冲射流不仅能很好地破碎和疏散淤泥、土岩 ,而且为它们进入气举吸口提供了良好的周边环境。气举装备没有运动件 ,密封简易 ,不污染水质 ,既可用于湖泊、江河等的清淤 ,又可用于开挖管沟和海洋采矿 ,是一种值得开发的高新技术     

16升气升式环流反应器优化设计的CFD仿真研究

以16L内循环气升式环流反应器为对象,使用Fluent6.3软件对采用不同导流筒直径值的反应器中气液两相流动的过程进行计算流体力学仿真,研究导流筒直径变化对气升式环流反应器中气含率和循环液速的影响。结果表明,气体由反应器底部入口进入反应器后,气液混合物沿导流筒内部上升至反应器顶部,随后沿导流筒外部下降,形成反应器中的循环。增大导流筒直径在一定范围内能够提高反应器中的气含率,但同时也会造成循环液速的下降,并且给出了所涉对象中导流筒直径的最优取值区间。     

三相气提升循环流化床处理焦化废水

实验室规模的研究表明，用三相气提升内循环流化床反应器（ＡＩＬＲ）处理焦化污水比活性污泥法为优。其处理负荷高，ＣＯＤ的进水负荷为１３ｋｇ／ｄ·ｍ＾３，ＣＯＤ去除的容积负荷可达到７ｋｇ／ｄ·ｍ＾３。ＡＩＬＲ对酚、氰等污染物的耐受力强、去除效果好并具有较低的曝气能耗；其ＣＯＤ去除率为５４．４％￣７６％，酚去除率为９９．５％￣９９．８％，氰去除率为９５％￣９９．２％；曝气能耗是活性污泥法的１／３￣１／４。