Possibilities and problems with the use of models as a communication tool in water resource management

Politicians and policy-makers, as well as modellers, often nurses an expectation that model derived results is an objective source of information that can be used to support decisions. However, several prerequisites have to be dealt with in order to ensure that models can be used as legitimate and efficient tools in water resource management. Based on empirical material from recent studies on the use of models in stakeholder dialogues, mainly focusing on catchment nutrient transport, two central problems are identified: (a) Models are laden with choices and thus depend on assumptions and priorities of modellers. (b) There are several factors that influence ability and willingness of stakeholders (as information recovers) to criticize or accept results of the modelling exercise. Recognized factors likely to influence stakeholders' acceptance of model derived results include issues at stake, stakeholders' ability to criticize model derived information, and their trust in the institutions that have developed or applied the used models. Identified prerequisites for successful use of models in integrated water resource management include: consideration of user relevance, awareness of and preparedness to handle constraints linked to communication of model-based results, transparency of used models and data and of involved uncertainties, mutual respect between experts and stakeholders and between involved stakeholder groups, a robust institutional network, and sufficient time for dialogues. Development and use of strategies for participatory modelling, based on a continuous dialogue between experts and stakeholders is recommended as a way to facilitate that the prerequisites for a successful use of models in water resource management are fulfilled.     

浅论科技英语汉译时对专业术语的模糊翻译技巧

科技术语的翻译历来是令许多科技译者头痛而又不得不面对的问题。本文从一个新的视角基于操作层面来探讨英语专业术语的翻译问题，即译者在专业知识缺失而且又得不到其他技术支撑的情况下，如何最大限度地发挥主观能动性做出相对准确的翻译。     

小世界网络中的删边扩容效应

不同于无标度网络,小世界网络中体现负载特性的介数分布和体现连接特征的度分布这两种结构差异很大,依据这个差异,我们提出了有效的删边扩容方法并进行了仿真实验,并进一步从容量与最大介数的关系理论分析确证了实验结果.接着,我们分析了小世界网络中介数分布的差异性与删边扩容效果的相关性,把基于介数的基尼系数变化用于度量删边扩容的效果,指出了结构差异是导致删边扩容效应的必要条件.还指出了无论从容量与介数的定义、仿真结果、结构差异与删边扩容效果的关系来看,都应该从介数入手来实现删边扩容方法,这种方法反直觉,有很多变种,并且实现方便、节省成本,作为一类新的路由策略可以广泛地应用于各类通信网络和交通网络等领域.     

浅谈高校计算机科学与技术专业人才的培养问题

计算机科学与技术专业是现代高校的必修专业,也是信息时代要求未来人才所必须具备的知识与技能。就我国目前高校中的计算机科学与技术的教学活动和培养现状来看,虽然取得了一定的成绩,但是还有很大的发展空间。本文中将提出一些对高校计算机科学与技术人才培养的建议。     

What can the history of AI learn from the history of science?

There have been few attempts, so far, to document the history of artificial intelligence. It is argued that the historical sociology of scientific knowledge can provide a broad historiographical approach for the history of AI, particularly as it has proved fruitful within the history of science in recent years. The article shows how the sociology of knowledge can inform and enrich four types of project within the history of AI; organizational history; AI viewed as technology; AI viewed as cognitive science and historical biography. In the latter area the historical treatments of Darwin and Turing are compared to warn against the pitfalls of rational reconstructions of the past.     

自动化学科面临的挑战

本文分析了控制理论与应用、模式识别与智能系统、导航制导与控制、系统科学与工程、人工智能与自动化交叉等领域的发展现状. 结合科技发展、国内国际研究前沿和新兴领域对自动化科学技术的需求, 提出重点发展智能控制理论和方法、高性能作业机器人、信息物理系统、导航与控制技术、重大装备自动化技术、自主智能系统和人工智能驱动的自动化技术优先领域, 加强数据驱动控制理论、人工智能基础理论研究, 进一步发展人机协同、跨域融合的智能自动化, 为实现国家社会的全面信息化智能化提供理论和技术保障.     

Inquiry-based mobile learning in secondary school science education: A systematic review

Recent years have seen a growing call for inquiry-based learning in science education, and mobile technologies are perceived as increasingly valuable tools to support this approach. However, there is a lack of understanding of mobile technology-supported inquiry-based learning (mIBL) in secondary science education. More evidence-based, nuanced insights are needed into how using mobile technologies might facilitate students' engagement with various levels of inquiry and enhance their science learning. We, therefore, conducted a robust systematic literature review (SLR) of the research articles on mIBL in secondary school science education that have been published from 2000 to 2019. We reviewed and analysed 31 empirical studies (34 articles) to explore the types of mIBL, and the benefits and constraints of mIBL in secondary school science education. The findings of this SLR suggest new research areas for further exploration and provide implications for science teachers' selection, use and design of mIBL approaches in their teaching.     

使用Dreamweaver结合ASP技术构建企业科技与节能管理系统

节能减排和科技创新是我国保持可持续发展的重要保障,国家高度重视这两项工作,十一五以来陆续出台了鼓励节能减排和科技创新的相关鼓励政策。节能与科技管理系统是企业展示自身节能减排和科技创新成果和经验的窗口,在节能减排和科技创新工作中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了作者利用Dreamweaver和ASP技术构建企业节能与科技管理系统的一些认识和经验。     

中国耕地细碎化的理论解析与研究框架

基于演绎推理法和文献研究法,探索耕地细碎化的概念、过程、机制和效应,并构建耕地细碎化研究框架,为耕地细碎化研究提供理论指导。结果表明:①耕地细碎化是耕地在自然-人为双重因素驱动下,耕地地块在形态上不断分割、变小,耕地产权在主体上不断细分、多元的过程,并分别表现为相互关联又有所区别的耕地景观细碎化和耕地权属细碎化; ②耕地细碎化研究应遵循“诊断-机制-效应-治理”的理论框架,耕地细碎化诊断需从形态和权属两方面构建评价指标体系,形成机制可从自然切割力、利用切割力、设施切割力和管理切割力4个方面揭示不同因素的作用机制,效应需揭示不同尺度下耕地细碎化形态和产权的趋势性转折对经济、社会和生态的影响,治理研究应按照“问题识别治理潜力治理路径保障措施”的逻辑顺序构建。     

表面科学与工程在纳米技术发展与应用中的直接作用

表面科学与工程在纳米技术的发展与应用中发挥着特殊的作用，尤其在纳米尺度材料的制备和纳米制造等领域。在纳米材料领域，纳米晶块材料的界面问题和纳米尺度的分子自组装的表面与界面问题是极富挑战性的前沿工作。在纳米制造领域，微机械部件的微纳米尺度的操作手设计和运动副表面的微观失效、摩擦磨损和润滑等问题也将开辟表面科学与工程新的研究领域。