基于蒙特卡罗方法的复合材料辐射屏蔽设计北大核心CSCD

在乏燃料后处理厂的工作环境中可能存在着低能中子-γ射线混合辐射,严重威胁工作人员的人身安全。本文针对上述混合辐射环境,利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4模拟计算了一种钨/硼纤维增强含硼/铋聚合物复合材料中不同材料参数对低能中子和γ射线综合防护效果的影响。结果显示,此种钨/硼纤维复合材料对低能中子和γ射线均具有良好的屏蔽效果。文章证实了纤维垂直排布方式具有比平行排布方式更优的屏蔽效果,且垂直排布方式下透过粒子束的强度分布更加均匀。此外,在聚合物基体中掺杂一定质量分数的硼/铋可以进一步增强复合材料的辐射屏蔽效果。依据这些结果我们认为此种复合材料可以为后处理厂等辐射环境中的防护服及相关防护用具提供参考。     

辐射改性LDPE/EVA共混物及其超临界CO_2发泡行为的研究

用60Coγ射线辐照改性LDPE/EVA共混物,并利用超临界CO2发泡技术制得了微孔LDPE/EVA共混物泡沫。用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、高级流变扩展系统(ARES)和扫描电镜(SEM)分别对交联LDPE/EVA共混物的熔点、结晶度、粘度以及泡沫的微孔形貌进行了表征。结果表明,辐照处理以后,LDPE/EVA共混物样品的熔点和结晶度略有降低,粘度特性得到改善,可发泡性能提高。共混物吸收剂量为50kGy时,经超临界CO2发泡在105℃和23MPa下制得的泡沫具有较好的泡孔结构。     

基于脉冲面积分析法改善(谱分辨率研究

尽可能减小噪声对γ谱分辨率的影响是γ能谱数据获取与处理的关键,传统的脉冲高度分析方法对于已有的脉冲信号噪声的抑制具有局限性.基于高速波形采样技术,提出采用脉冲面积分析方法获取γ谱,利用脉冲面积求和的方法,相当于对噪声信号进行多次采样求和平均,可以有效抑制噪声的影响.通过仿真模拟和实验测量,说明该方法对提高γ能谱分辨率具有显著的效果,可以成为一种有效的分析方法.     

血清铁生物剂量计的可行性研究

研究人体外周血血清经急性γ射线照射后血清铁的浓度变化,探讨其作为生物剂量计的可行性。人体血清经不同剂量γ射线辐照,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzymes linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法定量检测血清铁的浓度,建立血清铁浓度与吸收剂量之间的剂量-效应关系。结果显示,血清铁浓度随吸收剂量升高,血清铁浓度与吸收剂量成线性平方关系:男性[y=30 676.5+2 383.5x–202.7x2(r=0.99)];女性[y=26 974.4+1 611.8x–141.3x2(r=0.98)]。4 Gy剂量时间-效应关系研究发现离体血清铁在2 d内维持稳定。利用建立的线性平方剂量-效应曲线估算的吸收剂量与双盲剂量(1、2、4 Gy)接近,估算值的95%置信区间较窄。研究结果提示血清铁具有重建人体吸收剂量的潜能。     

γ辐照装置退役环境影响评价要求

2011年环境保护部发布了《放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护管理办法》,进一步明确了γ辐照装置退役环境影响评价的内容。本文介绍了γ辐照装置退役项目的环境影响评价要求,并就实践中的情况提出了几个建议。     

γ射线辐照对超高分子量聚乙烯片材机械性能和结晶度的影响

采用钴源以剂量率为2.5 k Gy·h~(-1)的γ射线对超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene,UHMWPE)片材在空气、水、甲醇和乙醇氛围中进行了辐照,吸收剂量范围为0 200 k Gy。通过机械性能、凝胶含量、差示扫描量热仪(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer,FTIR)等对不同辐照氛围中辐照前后UHMWPE样品进行了测试和表征。机械性能测试结果表明,在空气中UHMWPE的断裂伸长率随吸收剂量呈幂指数下降,同时屈服强度略有下降,而在水、甲醇、乙醇为辐照体系中UHMWPE的断裂伸长率随吸收剂量也是呈下降趋势,但下降的程度依次减轻,同时屈服强度基本保持不变;DSC测试结果显示,在空气氛围中,随着吸收剂量的增加,UHMWPE样品的初始熔融温度、熔点、结晶温度和结晶度逐渐降低;而在空气、水、甲醇和乙醇氛围中,UHMWPE样品的初始熔融温度、熔点和结晶度依次上升;红外光谱测试结果显示在空气中辐照,UHMWPE样品表面随着吸收剂量的增加其氧化程度加重,而在水、甲醇和乙醇中辐照UHMWPE分子链生成了不饱和的分子双键。     

Fe-Ni-Si基奥氏体时效合金的马氏体相变和形状记忆效应

It is well known that the morphologies of the α martensite formed from the γ phase in ferrous alloys are classified into five types of lath, butterfly, (225)A type plate,lenticular and thin-plate. Among those α martensites, onlythe thinplate martensite, which is characterized by containing a high density of transformation twins, has a potential of exhibiting a perfect shape memory (SM) effect.Recently the present authors found in Fe-Ni-Si alloys that the thin-plate martensite is formed by the introduction of fine and coherent γ-(Ni,Fe)3Si particles with a L12 ordered structure in the austenite matrix due to ausaging. In the present study, the SM properties of the ausaged Fe-Ni-Si alloys with the thin-plate martensite are investigated by a conventional bending-test. The effects of the addition of Co to the Fe-Ni-Si alloys on the martensitic transformation and the SM properties are also investigated. It is shown that while the ausaged Fe-Ni-Si ternary alloys exhibit an imperfect SM effect due to reverse transformation from stress-induced thin-plate martensite to austenite, the SM properties are improved by the addition of Co. An almost perfect SM effect is confirmed in the Fe-Ni-Si-Co alloys by heating to 1 100 ℃ after deformation at -196 ℃.     

Effects of microstructure evolution on the deformation mechanisms and tensile properties of a new Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800℃

Tensile properties at room temperature of a new casting Ni-base superalloy during aging at 800℃ for0-1000 h were investigated.During aging,granular M23C6 carbides presented at grain boundaries and kept growing from dispersed particles to continuous networks.The γ’ phase significantly coarsened,with the morphology of some γ’ phase changed from spherical to rounded cubic shape after 1000 h.Three deformation mechanisms in relation to the γ’ diameter(dγ’) were identified:(ⅰ) weakly coupled dislocations(WCD) connected by anti-phase boundary(APB) traveled in pair across the γ/γ’ structure when dγ’ was small in the under-aged alloys;(ⅱ) strongly coupled dislocations(SCD) with reduced spacing compared to(ⅰ) sheared γ’ phase when dγ’ increased in the over-aged alloys;(ⅲ) dislocations occasionally by-passed γ’ phase when dγ’ was larger than 97 nm after aging for more than 300 h.The alloy obtained the peak strength when 20 h-aged with dγ’=44 nm which was in the transition between(ⅰ) and(ⅱ).The aginginduced variation in yield strength was correlated to the coarsening of γ’ phase using a theoretical model of precipitation strengthening in terms of the formation of APB.The calculated results suggested that the γ’ phase with a volume fraction of 23% contributed more than 61% of the peak-aged yield strength.Observation after fracture revealed that the alloys usually fractured at grain boundaries.High stress concentration around carbides resulted in cracks by carbides self-cracking and the initiation of cavities.The undesirable agglomeration of M23C6 at grain boundaries was harmful to the properties of the overaged alloys.     

新型U3Si2-Al燃料板的正电子湮没寿命谱研究

用正电子湮没寿命谱仪对U3Si2-Al燃料板样品的正电子湮没寿命进行了测量及分析,得到不同工艺状况下燃料包壳材料微观缺陷的形态及变化趋势.回火态燃料板包壳基体中的微观缺陷以单空位的点缺陷为主;冷作态中的缺陷以双空位、位错等缺陷为主;冲刷态中的缺陷以层错、小的空位团等缺陷为主.3种样品中,均未发现影响燃料板安全的大空位团缺陷.回火和冲刷等工艺或运行工况,会使燃料板包壳基体中的微观缺陷发生转变,并改变了燃料板的宏观力学性能.     

γ辐照及热退火对光热折变玻璃光学性能的影响

对光热折变(Photo-thermal-refractive, PTR)玻璃在总剂量分别为0.35、1、10及100 kGy的γ射线下辐照,并进行热退火处理,采用吸收光谱、光致发光光谱及EPR电子顺磁共振谱研究了光热折变玻璃在γ射线辐照下的辐照机理。研究结果表明,γ辐照后的PTR玻璃在可见波段的吸收主要由银原子Ag⁰、银分子簇Ag₂、银分子簇Ag₃、银纳米颗粒Ag_m⁰及非桥氧空穴中心H_C1及HC₂引起;在不同剂量γ射线辐照下,玻璃基质中的变价离子(Ag⁺、Ce³⁺)价态先发生变化,同时玻璃基质中的非桥氧键发生电离,形成了非桥氧空穴型缺陷中心HC₁、HC₂。进一步增加辐照剂量,产生了银的分子簇Ag₂和Ag₃;同时玻璃基质中非桥氧空穴中心HC₂的浓度增大,导致在639 nm附近的吸收增强...